"""Tests for stubs.

Verify that various things in stubs are consistent with how things behave at runtime.

"""

from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import collections.abc
import copy
import enum
import functools
import importlib
import importlib.machinery
import inspect
import os
import pkgutil
import re
import symtable
import sys
import traceback
import types
import typing
import typing_extensions
import warnings
from collections import defaultdict
from collections.abc import Iterator, Set as AbstractSet
from contextlib import redirect_stderr, redirect_stdout
from functools import singledispatch
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Final, Generic, TypeVar, Union
from typing_extensions import get_origin, is_typeddict

import mypy.build
import mypy.modulefinder
import mypy.nodes
import mypy.state
import mypy.types
import mypy.version
from mypy import nodes
from mypy.config_parser import parse_config_file
from mypy.evalexpr import UNKNOWN, evaluate_expression
from mypy.options import Options
from mypy.util import FancyFormatter, bytes_to_human_readable_repr, is_dunder, plural_s


class Missing:
    """Marker object for things that are missing (from a stub or the runtime)."""

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return "MISSING"


MISSING: Final = Missing()

T = TypeVar("T")
MaybeMissing: typing_extensions.TypeAlias = Union[T, Missing]


class Unrepresentable:
    """Marker object for unrepresentable parameter defaults."""

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return "<unrepresentable>"


UNREPRESENTABLE: Final = Unrepresentable()


_formatter: Final = FancyFormatter(sys.stdout, sys.stderr, False)


def _style(message: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
    """Wrapper around mypy.util for fancy formatting."""
    kwargs.setdefault("color", "none")
    return _formatter.style(message, **kwargs)


def _truncate(message: str, length: int) -> str:
    if len(message) > length:
        return message[: length - 3] + "..."
    return message


class StubtestFailure(Exception):
    pass


class Error:
    def __init__(
        self,
        object_path: list[str],
        message: str,
        stub_object: MaybeMissing[nodes.Node],
        runtime_object: MaybeMissing[Any],
        *,
        stub_desc: str | None = None,
        runtime_desc: str | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Represents an error found by stubtest.

        :param object_path: Location of the object with the error,
            e.g. ``["module", "Class", "method"]``
        :param message: Error message
        :param stub_object: The mypy node representing the stub
        :param runtime_object: Actual object obtained from the runtime
        :param stub_desc: Specialised description for the stub object, should you wish
        :param runtime_desc: Specialised description for the runtime object, should you wish

        """
        self.object_path = object_path
        self.object_desc = ".".join(object_path)
        self.message = message
        self.stub_object = stub_object
        self.runtime_object = runtime_object
        self.stub_desc = stub_desc or str(getattr(stub_object, "type", stub_object))

        if runtime_desc is None:
            runtime_sig = safe_inspect_signature(runtime_object)
            if runtime_sig is None:
                self.runtime_desc = _truncate(repr(runtime_object), 100)
            else:
                runtime_is_async = inspect.iscoroutinefunction(runtime_object)
                description = describe_runtime_callable(runtime_sig, is_async=runtime_is_async)
                self.runtime_desc = _truncate(description, 100)
        else:
            self.runtime_desc = runtime_desc

    def is_missing_stub(self) -> bool:
        """Whether or not the error is for something missing from the stub."""
        return isinstance(self.stub_object, Missing)

    def is_positional_only_related(self) -> bool:
        """Whether or not the error is for something being (or not being) positional-only."""
        # TODO: This is hacky, use error codes or something more resilient
        return "should be positional" in self.message

    def get_description(self, concise: bool = False) -> str:
        """Returns a description of the error.

        :param concise: Whether to return a concise, one-line description

        """
        if concise:
            return _style(self.object_desc, bold=True) + " " + self.message

        stub_line = None
        stub_file = None
        if not isinstance(self.stub_object, Missing):
            stub_line = self.stub_object.line
        stub_node = get_stub(self.object_path[0])
        if stub_node is not None:
            stub_file = stub_node.path or None

        stub_loc_str = ""
        if stub_file:
            stub_loc_str += f" in file {Path(stub_file)}"
        if stub_line:
            stub_loc_str += f"{':' if stub_file else ' at line '}{stub_line}"

        runtime_line = None
        runtime_file = None
        if not isinstance(self.runtime_object, Missing):
            try:
                runtime_line = inspect.getsourcelines(self.runtime_object)[1]
            except (OSError, TypeError, SyntaxError):
                pass
            try:
                runtime_file = inspect.getsourcefile(self.runtime_object)
            except TypeError:
                pass

        runtime_loc_str = ""
        if runtime_file:
            runtime_loc_str += f" in file {Path(runtime_file)}"
        if runtime_line:
            runtime_loc_str += f"{':' if runtime_file else ' at line '}{runtime_line}"

        output = [
            _style("error: ", color="red", bold=True),
            _style(self.object_desc, bold=True),
            " ",
            self.message,
            "\n",
            "Stub:",
            _style(stub_loc_str, dim=True),
            "\n",
            _style(self.stub_desc + "\n", color="blue", dim=True),
            "Runtime:",
            _style(runtime_loc_str, dim=True),
            "\n",
            _style(self.runtime_desc + "\n", color="blue", dim=True),
        ]
        return "".join(output)


# ====================
# Core logic
# ====================


def silent_import_module(module_name: str) -> types.ModuleType:
    with open(os.devnull, "w") as devnull:
        with warnings.catch_warnings(), redirect_stdout(devnull), redirect_stderr(devnull):
            warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
            runtime = importlib.import_module(module_name)
            # Also run the equivalent of `from module import *`
            # This could have the additional effect of loading not-yet-loaded submodules
            # mentioned in __all__
            __import__(module_name, fromlist=["*"])
    return runtime


def test_module(module_name: str) -> Iterator[Error]:
    """Tests a given module's stub against introspecting it at runtime.

    Requires the stub to have been built already, accomplished by a call to ``build_stubs``.

    :param module_name: The module to test

    """
    stub = get_stub(module_name)
    if stub is None:
        if not is_probably_private(module_name.split(".")[-1]):
            runtime_desc = repr(sys.modules[module_name]) if module_name in sys.modules else "N/A"
            yield Error(
                [module_name], "failed to find stubs", MISSING, None, runtime_desc=runtime_desc
            )
        return

    try:
        runtime = silent_import_module(module_name)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        raise
    except BaseException as e:
        note = ""
        if isinstance(e, ModuleNotFoundError):
            note = " Maybe install the runtime package or alter PYTHONPATH?"
        yield Error(
            [module_name], f"failed to import.{note} {type(e).__name__}: {e}", stub, MISSING
        )
        return

    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
        try:
            yield from verify(stub, runtime, [module_name])
        except Exception as e:
            bottom_frame = list(traceback.walk_tb(e.__traceback__))[-1][0]
            bottom_module = bottom_frame.f_globals.get("__name__", "")
            # Pass on any errors originating from stubtest or mypy
            # These can occur expectedly, e.g. StubtestFailure
            if bottom_module == "__main__" or bottom_module.split(".")[0] == "mypy":
                raise
            yield Error(
                [module_name],
                f"encountered unexpected error, {type(e).__name__}: {e}",
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc="N/A",
                runtime_desc=(
                    "This is most likely the fault of something very dynamic in your library. "
                    "It's also possible this is a bug in stubtest.\nIf in doubt, please "
                    "open an issue at https://github.com/python/mypy\n\n"
                    + traceback.format_exc().strip()
                ),
            )


@singledispatch
def verify(
    stub: MaybeMissing[nodes.Node], runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    """Entry point for comparing a stub to a runtime object.

    We use single dispatch based on the type of ``stub``.

    :param stub: The mypy node representing a part of the stub
    :param runtime: The runtime object corresponding to ``stub``

    """
    yield Error(object_path, "is an unknown mypy node", stub, runtime)


def _verify_exported_names(
    object_path: list[str], stub: nodes.MypyFile, runtime_all_as_set: set[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    # note that this includes the case the stub simply defines `__all__: list[str]`
    assert "__all__" in stub.names
    public_names_in_stub = {m for m, o in stub.names.items() if o.module_public}
    names_in_stub_not_runtime = sorted(public_names_in_stub - runtime_all_as_set)
    names_in_runtime_not_stub = sorted(runtime_all_as_set - public_names_in_stub)
    if not (names_in_runtime_not_stub or names_in_stub_not_runtime):
        return
    yield Error(
        object_path + ["__all__"],
        (
            "names exported from the stub do not correspond to the names exported at runtime. "
            "This is probably due to things being missing from the stub or an inaccurate `__all__` in the stub"
        ),
        # Pass in MISSING instead of the stub and runtime objects, as the line numbers aren't very
        # relevant here, and it makes for a prettier error message
        # This means this error will be ignored when using `--ignore-missing-stub`, which is
        # desirable in at least the `names_in_runtime_not_stub` case
        stub_object=MISSING,
        runtime_object=MISSING,
        stub_desc=(f"Names exported in the stub but not at runtime: {names_in_stub_not_runtime}"),
        runtime_desc=(
            f"Names exported at runtime but not in the stub: {names_in_runtime_not_stub}"
        ),
    )


@functools.lru_cache
def _module_symbol_table(runtime: types.ModuleType) -> symtable.SymbolTable | None:
    """Retrieve the symbol table for the module (or None on failure).

    1) Use inspect to retrieve the source code of the module
    2) Use symtable to parse the source (and use what symtable knows for its purposes)
    """
    try:
        source = inspect.getsource(runtime)
    except (OSError, TypeError, SyntaxError):
        return None

    try:
        return symtable.symtable(source, runtime.__name__, "exec")
    except SyntaxError:
        return None


@verify.register(nodes.MypyFile)
def verify_mypyfile(
    stub: nodes.MypyFile, runtime: MaybeMissing[types.ModuleType], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return
    if not isinstance(runtime, types.ModuleType):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a module", stub, runtime)
        return

    runtime_all_as_set: set[str] | None

    if hasattr(runtime, "__all__"):
        runtime_all_as_set = set(runtime.__all__)
        if "__all__" in stub.names:
            # Only verify the contents of the stub's __all__
            # if the stub actually defines __all__
            yield from _verify_exported_names(object_path, stub, runtime_all_as_set)
        else:
            yield Error(object_path + ["__all__"], "is not present in stub", MISSING, runtime)
    else:
        runtime_all_as_set = None

    # Check things in the stub
    to_check = {
        m
        for m, o in stub.names.items()
        if not o.module_hidden and (not is_probably_private(m) or hasattr(runtime, m))
    }

    def _belongs_to_runtime(r: types.ModuleType, attr: str) -> bool:
        """Heuristics to determine whether a name originates from another module."""
        obj = getattr(r, attr)
        if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
            return False

        symbol_table = _module_symbol_table(r)
        if symbol_table is not None:
            try:
                symbol = symbol_table.lookup(attr)
            except KeyError:
                pass
            else:
                if symbol.is_imported():
                    # symtable says we got this from another module
                    return False
                # But we can't just return True here, because symtable doesn't know about symbols
                # that come from `from module import *`
                if symbol.is_assigned():
                    # symtable knows we assigned this symbol in the module
                    return True

        # The __module__ attribute is unreliable for anything except functions and classes,
        # but it's our best guess at this point
        try:
            obj_mod = obj.__module__
        except Exception:
            pass
        else:
            if isinstance(obj_mod, str):
                return bool(obj_mod == r.__name__)
        return True

    runtime_public_contents = (
        runtime_all_as_set
        if runtime_all_as_set is not None
        else {
            m
            for m in dir(runtime)
            if not is_probably_private(m)
            # Filter out objects that originate from other modules (best effort). Note that in the
            # absence of __all__, we don't have a way to detect explicit / intentional re-exports
            # at runtime
            and _belongs_to_runtime(runtime, m)
        }
    )
    # Check all things declared in module's __all__, falling back to our best guess
    to_check.update(runtime_public_contents)
    to_check.difference_update(IGNORED_MODULE_DUNDERS)

    for entry in sorted(to_check):
        stub_entry = stub.names[entry].node if entry in stub.names else MISSING
        if isinstance(stub_entry, nodes.MypyFile):
            # Don't recursively check exported modules, since that leads to infinite recursion
            continue
        assert stub_entry is not None
        try:
            runtime_entry = getattr(runtime, entry, MISSING)
        except Exception:
            # Catch all exceptions in case the runtime raises an unexpected exception
            # from __getattr__ or similar.
            continue
        yield from verify(stub_entry, runtime_entry, object_path + [entry])


def _verify_final(
    stub: nodes.TypeInfo, runtime: type[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    try:

        class SubClass(runtime):  # type: ignore[misc]
            pass

    except TypeError:
        # Enum classes are implicitly @final
        if not stub.is_final and not issubclass(runtime, enum.Enum):
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                "cannot be subclassed at runtime, but isn't marked with @final in the stub",
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc=repr(stub),
            )
    except Exception:
        # The class probably wants its subclasses to do something special.
        # Examples: ctypes.Array, ctypes._SimpleCData
        pass

    # Runtime class might be annotated with `@final`:
    try:
        runtime_final = getattr(runtime, "__final__", False)
    except Exception:
        runtime_final = False

    if runtime_final and not stub.is_final:
        yield Error(
            object_path,
            "has `__final__` attribute, but isn't marked with @final in the stub",
            stub,
            runtime,
            stub_desc=repr(stub),
        )


def _verify_metaclass(
    stub: nodes.TypeInfo, runtime: type[Any], object_path: list[str], *, is_runtime_typeddict: bool
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    # We exclude protocols, because of how complex their implementation is in different versions of
    # python. Enums are also hard, as are runtime TypedDicts; ignoring.
    # TODO: check that metaclasses are identical?
    if not stub.is_protocol and not stub.is_enum and not is_runtime_typeddict:
        runtime_metaclass = type(runtime)
        if runtime_metaclass is not type and stub.metaclass_type is None:
            # This means that runtime has a custom metaclass, but a stub does not.
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                "is inconsistent, metaclass differs",
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc="N/A",
                runtime_desc=f"{runtime_metaclass}",
            )
        elif (
            runtime_metaclass is type
            and stub.metaclass_type is not None
            # We ignore extra `ABCMeta` metaclass on stubs, this might be typing hack.
            # We also ignore `builtins.type` metaclass as an implementation detail in mypy.
            and not mypy.types.is_named_instance(
                stub.metaclass_type, ("abc.ABCMeta", "builtins.type")
            )
        ):
            # This means that our stub has a metaclass that is not present at runtime.
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                "metaclass mismatch",
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc=f"{stub.metaclass_type.type.fullname}",
                runtime_desc="N/A",
            )


@verify.register(nodes.TypeInfo)
def verify_typeinfo(
    stub: nodes.TypeInfo, runtime: MaybeMissing[type[Any]], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if stub.is_type_check_only:
        # This type only exists in stubs, we only check that the runtime part
        # is missing. Other checks are not required.
        if not isinstance(runtime, Missing):
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                'is marked as "@type_check_only", but also exists at runtime',
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc=repr(stub),
            )
        return

    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime, stub_desc=repr(stub))
        return
    if not isinstance(runtime, type):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a type", stub, runtime, stub_desc=repr(stub))
        return

    yield from _verify_final(stub, runtime, object_path)
    is_runtime_typeddict = stub.typeddict_type is not None and is_typeddict(runtime)
    yield from _verify_metaclass(
        stub, runtime, object_path, is_runtime_typeddict=is_runtime_typeddict
    )

    # Check everything already defined on the stub class itself (i.e. not inherited)
    #
    # Filter out non-identifier names, as these are (hopefully always?) whacky/fictional things
    # (like __mypy-replace or __mypy-post_init, etc.) that don't exist at runtime,
    # and exist purely for internal mypy reasons
    to_check = {name for name in stub.names if name.isidentifier()}
    # Check all public things on the runtime class
    to_check.update(
        m for m in vars(runtime) if not is_probably_private(m) and m not in IGNORABLE_CLASS_DUNDERS
    )
    # Special-case the __init__ method for Protocols and the __new__ method for TypedDicts
    #
    # TODO: On Python <3.11, __init__ methods on Protocol classes
    # are silently discarded and replaced.
    # However, this is not the case on Python 3.11+.
    # Ideally, we'd figure out a good way of validating Protocol __init__ methods on 3.11+.
    if stub.is_protocol:
        to_check.discard("__init__")
    if is_runtime_typeddict:
        to_check.discard("__new__")

    for entry in sorted(to_check):
        mangled_entry = entry
        if entry.startswith("__") and not entry.endswith("__"):
            mangled_entry = f"_{stub.name.lstrip('_')}{entry}"
        stub_to_verify = next((t.names[entry].node for t in stub.mro if entry in t.names), MISSING)
        assert stub_to_verify is not None
        try:
            try:
                runtime_attr = getattr(runtime, mangled_entry)
            except AttributeError:
                runtime_attr = inspect.getattr_static(runtime, mangled_entry, MISSING)
        except Exception:
            # Catch all exceptions in case the runtime raises an unexpected exception
            # from __getattr__ or similar.
            continue

        # If it came from the metaclass, consider the runtime_attr to be MISSING
        # for a more accurate message
        if runtime_attr is not MISSING and type(runtime) is not runtime:
            if getattr(runtime_attr, "__objclass__", None) is type(runtime):
                runtime_attr = MISSING

        # Do not error for an object missing from the stub
        # If the runtime object is a types.WrapperDescriptorType object
        # and has a non-special dunder name.
        # The vast majority of these are false positives.
        if not (
            isinstance(stub_to_verify, Missing)
            and isinstance(runtime_attr, types.WrapperDescriptorType)
            and is_dunder(mangled_entry, exclude_special=True)
        ):
            yield from verify(stub_to_verify, runtime_attr, object_path + [entry])


def _static_lookup_runtime(object_path: list[str]) -> MaybeMissing[Any]:
    static_runtime = importlib.import_module(object_path[0])
    for entry in object_path[1:]:
        try:
            static_runtime = inspect.getattr_static(static_runtime, entry)
        except AttributeError:
            # This can happen with mangled names, ignore for now.
            # TODO: pass more information about ancestors of nodes/objects to verify, so we don't
            # have to do this hacky lookup. Would be useful in several places.
            return MISSING
    return static_runtime


def _verify_static_class_methods(
    stub: nodes.FuncBase, runtime: Any, static_runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[str]:
    if stub.name in ("__new__", "__init_subclass__", "__class_getitem__"):
        # Special cased by Python, so don't bother checking
        return
    if inspect.isbuiltin(runtime):
        # The isinstance checks don't work reliably for builtins, e.g. datetime.datetime.now, so do
        # something a little hacky that seems to work well
        probably_class_method = isinstance(getattr(runtime, "__self__", None), type)
        if probably_class_method and not stub.is_class:
            yield "runtime is a classmethod but stub is not"
        if not probably_class_method and stub.is_class:
            yield "stub is a classmethod but runtime is not"
        return

    if static_runtime is MISSING:
        return

    if isinstance(static_runtime, classmethod) and not stub.is_class:
        yield "runtime is a classmethod but stub is not"
    if not isinstance(static_runtime, classmethod) and stub.is_class:
        yield "stub is a classmethod but runtime is not"
    if isinstance(static_runtime, staticmethod) and not stub.is_static:
        yield "runtime is a staticmethod but stub is not"
    if not isinstance(static_runtime, staticmethod) and stub.is_static:
        yield "stub is a staticmethod but runtime is not"


def _verify_arg_name(
    stub_arg: nodes.Argument, runtime_arg: inspect.Parameter, function_name: str
) -> Iterator[str]:
    """Checks whether argument names match."""
    # Ignore exact names for most dunder methods
    if is_dunder(function_name, exclude_special=True):
        return

    def strip_prefix(s: str, prefix: str) -> str:
        return s[len(prefix) :] if s.startswith(prefix) else s

    if strip_prefix(stub_arg.variable.name, "__") == runtime_arg.name:
        return

    nonspecific_names = {"object", "args"}
    if runtime_arg.name in nonspecific_names:
        return

    def names_approx_match(a: str, b: str) -> bool:
        a = a.strip("_")
        b = b.strip("_")
        return a.startswith(b) or b.startswith(a) or len(a) == 1 or len(b) == 1

    # Be more permissive about names matching for positional-only arguments
    if runtime_arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY and names_approx_match(
        stub_arg.variable.name, runtime_arg.name
    ):
        return
    # This comes up with namedtuples, so ignore
    if stub_arg.variable.name == "_self":
        return
    yield (
        f'stub argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}" '
        f'differs from runtime argument "{runtime_arg.name}"'
    )


def _verify_arg_default_value(
    stub_arg: nodes.Argument, runtime_arg: inspect.Parameter
) -> Iterator[str]:
    """Checks whether argument default values are compatible."""
    if runtime_arg.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
        if stub_arg.kind.is_required():
            yield (
                f'runtime argument "{runtime_arg.name}" '
                "has a default value but stub argument does not"
            )
        else:
            runtime_type = get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(runtime_arg.default)
            # Fallback to the type annotation type if var type is missing. The type annotation
            # is an UnboundType, but I don't know enough to know what the pros and cons here are.
            # UnboundTypes have ugly question marks following them, so default to var type.
            # Note we do this same fallback when constructing signatures in from_overloadedfuncdef
            stub_type = stub_arg.variable.type or stub_arg.type_annotation
            if isinstance(stub_type, mypy.types.TypeVarType):
                stub_type = stub_type.upper_bound
            if (
                runtime_type is not None
                and stub_type is not None
                # Avoid false positives for marker objects
                and type(runtime_arg.default) is not object
                # And ellipsis
                and runtime_arg.default is not ...
                and not is_subtype_helper(runtime_type, stub_type)
            ):
                yield (
                    f'runtime argument "{runtime_arg.name}" '
                    f"has a default value of type {runtime_type}, "
                    f"which is incompatible with stub argument type {stub_type}"
                )
            if stub_arg.initializer is not None:
                stub_default = evaluate_expression(stub_arg.initializer)
                if (
                    stub_default is not UNKNOWN
                    and stub_default is not ...
                    and runtime_arg.default is not UNREPRESENTABLE
                ):
                    defaults_match = True
                    # We want the types to match exactly, e.g. in case the stub has
                    # True and the runtime has 1 (or vice versa).
                    if type(stub_default) is not type(runtime_arg.default):
                        defaults_match = False
                    else:
                        try:
                            defaults_match = bool(stub_default == runtime_arg.default)
                        except Exception:
                            # Exception can be raised in bool dunder method (e.g. numpy arrays)
                            # At this point, consider the default to be different, it is probably
                            # too complex to put in a stub anyway.
                            defaults_match = False
                    if not defaults_match:
                        yield (
                            f'runtime argument "{runtime_arg.name}" '
                            f"has a default value of {runtime_arg.default!r}, "
                            f"which is different from stub argument default {stub_default!r}"
                        )
    else:
        if stub_arg.kind.is_optional():
            yield (
                f'stub argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}" has a default value '
                f"but runtime argument does not"
            )


def maybe_strip_cls(name: str, args: list[nodes.Argument]) -> list[nodes.Argument]:
    if args and name in ("__init_subclass__", "__class_getitem__"):
        # These are implicitly classmethods. If the stub chooses not to have @classmethod, we
        # should remove the cls argument
        if args[0].variable.name == "cls":
            return args[1:]
    return args


class Signature(Generic[T]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.pos: list[T] = []
        self.kwonly: dict[str, T] = {}
        self.varpos: T | None = None
        self.varkw: T | None = None

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        def get_name(arg: Any) -> str:
            if isinstance(arg, inspect.Parameter):
                return arg.name
            if isinstance(arg, nodes.Argument):
                return arg.variable.name
            raise AssertionError

        def get_type(arg: Any) -> str | None:
            if isinstance(arg, inspect.Parameter):
                return None
            if isinstance(arg, nodes.Argument):
                return str(arg.variable.type or arg.type_annotation)
            raise AssertionError

        def has_default(arg: Any) -> bool:
            if isinstance(arg, inspect.Parameter):
                return arg.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
            if isinstance(arg, nodes.Argument):
                return arg.kind.is_optional()
            raise AssertionError

        def get_desc(arg: Any) -> str:
            arg_type = get_type(arg)
            return (
                get_name(arg)
                + (f": {arg_type}" if arg_type else "")
                + (" = ..." if has_default(arg) else "")
            )

        kw_only = sorted(self.kwonly.values(), key=lambda a: (has_default(a), get_name(a)))
        ret = "def ("
        ret += ", ".join(
            [get_desc(arg) for arg in self.pos]
            + (["*" + get_name(self.varpos)] if self.varpos else (["*"] if self.kwonly else []))
            + [get_desc(arg) for arg in kw_only]
            + (["**" + get_name(self.varkw)] if self.varkw else [])
        )
        ret += ")"
        return ret

    @staticmethod
    def from_funcitem(stub: nodes.FuncItem) -> Signature[nodes.Argument]:
        stub_sig: Signature[nodes.Argument] = Signature()
        stub_args = maybe_strip_cls(stub.name, stub.arguments)
        for stub_arg in stub_args:
            if stub_arg.kind.is_positional():
                stub_sig.pos.append(stub_arg)
            elif stub_arg.kind.is_named():
                stub_sig.kwonly[stub_arg.variable.name] = stub_arg
            elif stub_arg.kind == nodes.ARG_STAR:
                stub_sig.varpos = stub_arg
            elif stub_arg.kind == nodes.ARG_STAR2:
                stub_sig.varkw = stub_arg
            else:
                raise AssertionError
        return stub_sig

    @staticmethod
    def from_inspect_signature(signature: inspect.Signature) -> Signature[inspect.Parameter]:
        runtime_sig: Signature[inspect.Parameter] = Signature()
        for runtime_arg in signature.parameters.values():
            if runtime_arg.kind in (
                inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
                inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
            ):
                runtime_sig.pos.append(runtime_arg)
            elif runtime_arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
                runtime_sig.kwonly[runtime_arg.name] = runtime_arg
            elif runtime_arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
                runtime_sig.varpos = runtime_arg
            elif runtime_arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
                runtime_sig.varkw = runtime_arg
            else:
                raise AssertionError
        return runtime_sig

    @staticmethod
    def from_overloadedfuncdef(stub: nodes.OverloadedFuncDef) -> Signature[nodes.Argument]:
        """Returns a Signature from an OverloadedFuncDef.

        If life were simple, to verify_overloadedfuncdef, we'd just verify_funcitem for each of its
        items. Unfortunately, life isn't simple and overloads are pretty deceitful. So instead, we
        try and combine the overload's items into a single signature that is compatible with any
        lies it might try to tell.

        """
        # For most dunder methods, just assume all args are positional-only
        assume_positional_only = is_dunder(stub.name, exclude_special=True)

        all_args: dict[str, list[tuple[nodes.Argument, int]]] = {}
        for func in map(_resolve_funcitem_from_decorator, stub.items):
            assert func is not None
            args = maybe_strip_cls(stub.name, func.arguments)
            for index, arg in enumerate(args):
                # For positional-only args, we allow overloads to have different names for the same
                # argument. To accomplish this, we just make up a fake index-based name.
                name = (
                    f"__{index}"
                    if arg.variable.name.startswith("__")
                    or arg.pos_only
                    or assume_positional_only
                    or arg.variable.name.strip("_") == "self"
                    else arg.variable.name
                )
                all_args.setdefault(name, []).append((arg, index))

        def get_position(arg_name: str) -> int:
            # We just need this to return the positional args in the correct order.
            return max(index for _, index in all_args[arg_name])

        def get_type(arg_name: str) -> mypy.types.ProperType:
            with mypy.state.state.strict_optional_set(True):
                all_types = [
                    arg.variable.type or arg.type_annotation for arg, _ in all_args[arg_name]
                ]
                return mypy.typeops.make_simplified_union([t for t in all_types if t])

        def get_kind(arg_name: str) -> nodes.ArgKind:
            kinds = {arg.kind for arg, _ in all_args[arg_name]}
            if nodes.ARG_STAR in kinds:
                return nodes.ARG_STAR
            if nodes.ARG_STAR2 in kinds:
                return nodes.ARG_STAR2
            # The logic here is based on two tenets:
            # 1) If an arg is ever optional (or unspecified), it is optional
            # 2) If an arg is ever positional, it is positional
            is_opt = (
                len(all_args[arg_name]) < len(stub.items)
                or nodes.ARG_OPT in kinds
                or nodes.ARG_NAMED_OPT in kinds
            )
            is_pos = nodes.ARG_OPT in kinds or nodes.ARG_POS in kinds
            if is_opt:
                return nodes.ARG_OPT if is_pos else nodes.ARG_NAMED_OPT
            return nodes.ARG_POS if is_pos else nodes.ARG_NAMED

        sig: Signature[nodes.Argument] = Signature()
        for arg_name in sorted(all_args, key=get_position):
            # example_arg_name gives us a real name (in case we had a fake index-based name)
            example_arg_name = all_args[arg_name][0][0].variable.name
            arg = nodes.Argument(
                nodes.Var(example_arg_name, get_type(arg_name)),
                type_annotation=None,
                initializer=None,
                kind=get_kind(arg_name),
                pos_only=all(arg.pos_only for arg, _ in all_args[arg_name]),
            )
            if arg.kind.is_positional():
                sig.pos.append(arg)
            elif arg.kind.is_named():
                sig.kwonly[arg.variable.name] = arg
            elif arg.kind == nodes.ARG_STAR:
                sig.varpos = arg
            elif arg.kind == nodes.ARG_STAR2:
                sig.varkw = arg
            else:
                raise AssertionError
        return sig


def _verify_signature(
    stub: Signature[nodes.Argument], runtime: Signature[inspect.Parameter], function_name: str
) -> Iterator[str]:
    # Check positional arguments match up
    for stub_arg, runtime_arg in zip(stub.pos, runtime.pos):
        yield from _verify_arg_name(stub_arg, runtime_arg, function_name)
        yield from _verify_arg_default_value(stub_arg, runtime_arg)
        if (
            runtime_arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
            and not stub_arg.pos_only
            and not stub_arg.variable.name.startswith("__")
            and stub_arg.variable.name.strip("_") != "self"
            and not is_dunder(function_name, exclude_special=True)  # noisy for dunder methods
        ):
            yield (
                f'stub argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}" should be positional-only '
                f'(add "/", e.g. "{runtime_arg.name}, /")'
            )
        if (
            runtime_arg.kind != inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
            and (stub_arg.pos_only or stub_arg.variable.name.startswith("__"))
            and stub_arg.variable.name.strip("_") != "self"
            and not is_dunder(function_name, exclude_special=True)  # noisy for dunder methods
        ):
            yield (
                f'stub argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}" should be positional or keyword '
                '(remove "/")'
            )

    # Check unmatched positional args
    if len(stub.pos) > len(runtime.pos):
        # There are cases where the stub exhaustively lists out the extra parameters the function
        # would take through *args. Hence, a) if runtime accepts *args, we don't check whether the
        # runtime has all of the stub's parameters, b) below, we don't enforce that the stub takes
        # *args, since runtime logic may prevent arbitrary arguments from actually being accepted.
        if runtime.varpos is None:
            for stub_arg in stub.pos[len(runtime.pos) :]:
                # If the variable is in runtime.kwonly, it's just mislabelled as not a
                # keyword-only argument
                if stub_arg.variable.name not in runtime.kwonly:
                    msg = f'runtime does not have argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}"'
                    if runtime.varkw is not None:
                        msg += ". Maybe you forgot to make it keyword-only in the stub?"
                    yield msg
                else:
                    yield f'stub argument "{stub_arg.variable.name}" is not keyword-only'
            if stub.varpos is not None:
                yield f'runtime does not have *args argument "{stub.varpos.variable.name}"'
    elif len(stub.pos) < len(runtime.pos):
        for runtime_arg in runtime.pos[len(stub.pos) :]:
            if runtime_arg.name not in stub.kwonly:
                if not _is_private_parameter(runtime_arg):
                    yield f'stub does not have argument "{runtime_arg.name}"'
            else:
                yield f'runtime argument "{runtime_arg.name}" is not keyword-only'

    # Checks involving *args
    if len(stub.pos) <= len(runtime.pos) or runtime.varpos is None:
        if stub.varpos is None and runtime.varpos is not None:
            yield f'stub does not have *args argument "{runtime.varpos.name}"'
        if stub.varpos is not None and runtime.varpos is None:
            yield f'runtime does not have *args argument "{stub.varpos.variable.name}"'

    # Check keyword-only args
    for arg in sorted(set(stub.kwonly) & set(runtime.kwonly)):
        stub_arg, runtime_arg = stub.kwonly[arg], runtime.kwonly[arg]
        yield from _verify_arg_name(stub_arg, runtime_arg, function_name)
        yield from _verify_arg_default_value(stub_arg, runtime_arg)

    # Check unmatched keyword-only args
    if runtime.varkw is None or not set(runtime.kwonly).issubset(set(stub.kwonly)):
        # There are cases where the stub exhaustively lists out the extra parameters the function
        # would take through **kwargs. Hence, a) if runtime accepts **kwargs (and the stub hasn't
        # exhaustively listed out params), we don't check whether the runtime has all of the stub's
        # parameters, b) below, we don't enforce that the stub takes **kwargs, since runtime logic
        # may prevent arbitrary keyword arguments from actually being accepted.
        for arg in sorted(set(stub.kwonly) - set(runtime.kwonly)):
            if arg in {runtime_arg.name for runtime_arg in runtime.pos}:
                # Don't report this if we've reported it before
                if arg not in {runtime_arg.name for runtime_arg in runtime.pos[len(stub.pos) :]}:
                    yield f'runtime argument "{arg}" is not keyword-only'
            else:
                yield f'runtime does not have argument "{arg}"'
    for arg in sorted(set(runtime.kwonly) - set(stub.kwonly)):
        if arg in {stub_arg.variable.name for stub_arg in stub.pos}:
            # Don't report this if we've reported it before
            if not (
                runtime.varpos is None
                and arg in {stub_arg.variable.name for stub_arg in stub.pos[len(runtime.pos) :]}
            ):
                yield f'stub argument "{arg}" is not keyword-only'
        else:
            if not _is_private_parameter(runtime.kwonly[arg]):
                yield f'stub does not have argument "{arg}"'

    # Checks involving **kwargs
    if stub.varkw is None and runtime.varkw is not None:
        # As mentioned above, don't enforce that the stub takes **kwargs.
        # Also check against positional parameters, to avoid a nitpicky message when an argument
        # isn't marked as keyword-only
        stub_pos_names = {stub_arg.variable.name for stub_arg in stub.pos}
        # Ideally we'd do a strict subset check, but in practice the errors from that aren't useful
        if not set(runtime.kwonly).issubset(set(stub.kwonly) | stub_pos_names):
            yield f'stub does not have **kwargs argument "{runtime.varkw.name}"'
    if stub.varkw is not None and runtime.varkw is None:
        yield f'runtime does not have **kwargs argument "{stub.varkw.variable.name}"'


def _is_private_parameter(arg: inspect.Parameter) -> bool:
    return (
        arg.name.startswith("_")
        and not arg.name.startswith("__")
        and arg.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
    )


@verify.register(nodes.FuncItem)
def verify_funcitem(
    stub: nodes.FuncItem, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return

    if not is_probably_a_function(runtime):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a function", stub, runtime)
        if not callable(runtime):
            return

    # Look the object up statically, to avoid binding by the descriptor protocol
    static_runtime = _static_lookup_runtime(object_path)

    if isinstance(stub, nodes.FuncDef):
        for error_text in _verify_abstract_status(stub, runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, error_text, stub, runtime)
        for error_text in _verify_final_method(stub, runtime, static_runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, error_text, stub, runtime)

    for message in _verify_static_class_methods(stub, runtime, static_runtime, object_path):
        yield Error(object_path, "is inconsistent, " + message, stub, runtime)

    signature = safe_inspect_signature(runtime)
    runtime_is_coroutine = inspect.iscoroutinefunction(runtime)

    if signature:
        stub_sig = Signature.from_funcitem(stub)
        runtime_sig = Signature.from_inspect_signature(signature)
        runtime_sig_desc = describe_runtime_callable(signature, is_async=runtime_is_coroutine)
        stub_desc = str(stub_sig)
    else:
        runtime_sig_desc, stub_desc = None, None

    # Don't raise an error if the stub is a coroutine, but the runtime isn't.
    # That results in false positives.
    # See https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/7344
    if runtime_is_coroutine and not stub.is_coroutine:
        yield Error(
            object_path,
            'is an "async def" function at runtime, but not in the stub',
            stub,
            runtime,
            stub_desc=stub_desc,
            runtime_desc=runtime_sig_desc,
        )

    if not signature:
        return

    for message in _verify_signature(stub_sig, runtime_sig, function_name=stub.name):
        yield Error(
            object_path,
            "is inconsistent, " + message,
            stub,
            runtime,
            runtime_desc=runtime_sig_desc,
        )


@verify.register(Missing)
def verify_none(
    stub: Missing, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    yield Error(object_path, "is not present in stub", stub, runtime)


@verify.register(nodes.Var)
def verify_var(
    stub: nodes.Var, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        # Don't always yield an error here, because we often can't find instance variables
        if len(object_path) <= 2:
            yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return

    if (
        stub.is_initialized_in_class
        and is_read_only_property(runtime)
        and (stub.is_settable_property or not stub.is_property)
    ):
        yield Error(object_path, "is read-only at runtime but not in the stub", stub, runtime)

    runtime_type = get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(runtime)
    if (
        runtime_type is not None
        and stub.type is not None
        and not is_subtype_helper(runtime_type, stub.type)
    ):
        should_error = True
        # Avoid errors when defining enums, since runtime_type is the enum itself, but we'd
        # annotate it with the type of runtime.value
        if isinstance(runtime, enum.Enum):
            runtime_type = get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(runtime.value)
            if runtime_type is not None and is_subtype_helper(runtime_type, stub.type):
                should_error = False
            # We always allow setting the stub value to ...
            proper_type = mypy.types.get_proper_type(stub.type)
            if (
                isinstance(proper_type, mypy.types.Instance)
                and proper_type.type.fullname == "builtins.ellipsis"
            ):
                should_error = False

        if should_error:
            yield Error(
                object_path, f"variable differs from runtime type {runtime_type}", stub, runtime
            )


@verify.register(nodes.OverloadedFuncDef)
def verify_overloadedfuncdef(
    stub: nodes.OverloadedFuncDef, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    # TODO: support `@type_check_only` decorator
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return

    if stub.is_property:
        # Any property with a setter is represented as an OverloadedFuncDef
        if is_read_only_property(runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, "is read-only at runtime but not in the stub", stub, runtime)
        return

    if not is_probably_a_function(runtime):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a function", stub, runtime)
        if not callable(runtime):
            return

    # mypy doesn't allow overloads where one overload is abstract but another isn't,
    # so it should be okay to just check whether the first overload is abstract or not.
    #
    # TODO: Mypy *does* allow properties where e.g. the getter is abstract but the setter is not;
    # and any property with a setter is represented as an OverloadedFuncDef internally;
    # not sure exactly what (if anything) we should do about that.
    first_part = stub.items[0]
    if isinstance(first_part, nodes.Decorator) and first_part.is_overload:
        for msg in _verify_abstract_status(first_part.func, runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, msg, stub, runtime)

    # Look the object up statically, to avoid binding by the descriptor protocol
    static_runtime = _static_lookup_runtime(object_path)

    for message in _verify_static_class_methods(stub, runtime, static_runtime, object_path):
        yield Error(object_path, "is inconsistent, " + message, stub, runtime)

    # TODO: Should call _verify_final_method here,
    # but overloaded final methods in stubs cause a stubtest crash: see #14950

    signature = safe_inspect_signature(runtime)
    if not signature:
        return

    stub_sig = Signature.from_overloadedfuncdef(stub)
    runtime_sig = Signature.from_inspect_signature(signature)

    for message in _verify_signature(stub_sig, runtime_sig, function_name=stub.name):
        # TODO: This is a little hacky, but the addition here is super useful
        if "has a default value of type" in message:
            message += (
                ". This is often caused by overloads failing to account for explicitly passing "
                "in the default value."
            )
        yield Error(
            object_path,
            "is inconsistent, " + message,
            stub,
            runtime,
            stub_desc=(str(stub.type)) + f"\nInferred signature: {stub_sig}",
            runtime_desc="def " + str(signature),
        )


@verify.register(nodes.TypeVarExpr)
def verify_typevarexpr(
    stub: nodes.TypeVarExpr, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        # We seem to insert these typevars into NamedTuple stubs, but they
        # don't exist at runtime. Just ignore!
        if stub.name == "_NT":
            return
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return
    if not isinstance(runtime, TypeVar):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a TypeVar", stub, runtime)
        return


@verify.register(nodes.ParamSpecExpr)
def verify_paramspecexpr(
    stub: nodes.ParamSpecExpr, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return
    maybe_paramspec_types = (
        getattr(typing, "ParamSpec", None),
        getattr(typing_extensions, "ParamSpec", None),
    )
    paramspec_types = tuple(t for t in maybe_paramspec_types if t is not None)
    if not paramspec_types or not isinstance(runtime, paramspec_types):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not a ParamSpec", stub, runtime)
        return


def _verify_readonly_property(stub: nodes.Decorator, runtime: Any) -> Iterator[str]:
    assert stub.func.is_property
    if isinstance(runtime, property):
        yield from _verify_final_method(stub.func, runtime.fget, MISSING)
        return
    if isinstance(runtime, functools.cached_property):
        yield from _verify_final_method(stub.func, runtime.func, MISSING)
        return
    if inspect.isdatadescriptor(runtime):
        # It's enough like a property...
        return
    # Sometimes attributes pretend to be properties, for instance, to express that they
    # are read only. So allowlist if runtime_type matches the return type of stub.
    runtime_type = get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(runtime)
    func_type = (
        stub.func.type.ret_type if isinstance(stub.func.type, mypy.types.CallableType) else None
    )
    if (
        runtime_type is not None
        and func_type is not None
        and is_subtype_helper(runtime_type, func_type)
    ):
        return
    yield "is inconsistent, cannot reconcile @property on stub with runtime object"


def _verify_abstract_status(stub: nodes.FuncDef, runtime: Any) -> Iterator[str]:
    stub_abstract = stub.abstract_status == nodes.IS_ABSTRACT
    runtime_abstract = getattr(runtime, "__isabstractmethod__", False)
    # The opposite can exist: some implementations omit `@abstractmethod` decorators
    if runtime_abstract and not stub_abstract:
        item_type = "property" if stub.is_property else "method"
        yield f"is inconsistent, runtime {item_type} is abstract but stub is not"


def _verify_final_method(
    stub: nodes.FuncDef, runtime: Any, static_runtime: MaybeMissing[Any]
) -> Iterator[str]:
    if stub.is_final:
        return
    if getattr(runtime, "__final__", False) or (
        static_runtime is not MISSING and getattr(static_runtime, "__final__", False)
    ):
        yield "is decorated with @final at runtime, but not in the stub"


def _resolve_funcitem_from_decorator(dec: nodes.OverloadPart) -> nodes.FuncItem | None:
    """Returns a FuncItem that corresponds to the output of the decorator.

    Returns None if we can't figure out what that would be. For convenience, this function also
    accepts FuncItems.
    """
    if isinstance(dec, nodes.FuncItem):
        return dec
    if dec.func.is_property:
        return None

    def apply_decorator_to_funcitem(
        decorator: nodes.Expression, func: nodes.FuncItem
    ) -> nodes.FuncItem | None:
        if (
            isinstance(decorator, nodes.CallExpr)
            and isinstance(decorator.callee, nodes.RefExpr)
            and decorator.callee.fullname in mypy.types.DEPRECATED_TYPE_NAMES
        ):
            return func
        if not isinstance(decorator, nodes.RefExpr):
            return None
        if not decorator.fullname:
            # Happens with namedtuple
            return None
        if (
            decorator.fullname in ("builtins.staticmethod", "abc.abstractmethod")
            or decorator.fullname in mypy.types.OVERLOAD_NAMES
            or decorator.fullname in mypy.types.FINAL_DECORATOR_NAMES
        ):
            return func
        if decorator.fullname == "builtins.classmethod":
            if func.arguments[0].variable.name not in ("cls", "mcs", "metacls"):
                raise StubtestFailure(
                    f"unexpected class argument name {func.arguments[0].variable.name!r} "
                    f"in {dec.fullname}"
                )
            # FuncItem is written so that copy.copy() actually works, even when compiled
            ret = copy.copy(func)
            # Remove the cls argument, since it's not present in inspect.signature of classmethods
            ret.arguments = ret.arguments[1:]
            return ret
        # Just give up on any other decorators. After excluding properties, we don't run into
        # anything else when running on typeshed's stdlib.
        return None

    func: nodes.FuncItem = dec.func
    for decorator in dec.original_decorators:
        resulting_func = apply_decorator_to_funcitem(decorator, func)
        if resulting_func is None:
            return None
        func = resulting_func
    return func


@verify.register(nodes.Decorator)
def verify_decorator(
    stub: nodes.Decorator, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    if stub.func.is_type_check_only:
        # This function only exists in stubs, we only check that the runtime part
        # is missing. Other checks are not required.
        if not isinstance(runtime, Missing):
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                'is marked as "@type_check_only", but also exists at runtime',
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc=repr(stub),
            )
        return

    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime)
        return
    if stub.func.is_property:
        for message in _verify_readonly_property(stub, runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, message, stub, runtime)
        for message in _verify_abstract_status(stub.func, runtime):
            yield Error(object_path, message, stub, runtime)
        return

    func = _resolve_funcitem_from_decorator(stub)
    if func is not None:
        yield from verify(func, runtime, object_path)


@verify.register(nodes.TypeAlias)
def verify_typealias(
    stub: nodes.TypeAlias, runtime: MaybeMissing[Any], object_path: list[str]
) -> Iterator[Error]:
    stub_target = mypy.types.get_proper_type(stub.target)
    stub_desc = f"Type alias for {stub_target}"
    if isinstance(runtime, Missing):
        yield Error(object_path, "is not present at runtime", stub, runtime, stub_desc=stub_desc)
        return
    runtime_origin = get_origin(runtime) or runtime
    if isinstance(stub_target, mypy.types.Instance):
        if not isinstance(runtime_origin, type):
            yield Error(
                object_path,
                "is inconsistent, runtime is not a type",
                stub,
                runtime,
                stub_desc=stub_desc,
            )
            return

        stub_origin = stub_target.type
        # Do our best to figure out the fullname of the runtime object...
        runtime_name: object
        try:
            runtime_name = runtime_origin.__qualname__
        except AttributeError:
            runtime_name = getattr(runtime_origin, "__name__", MISSING)
        if isinstance(runtime_name, str):
            runtime_module: object = getattr(runtime_origin, "__module__", MISSING)
            if isinstance(runtime_module, str):
                if runtime_module == "collections.abc" or (
                    runtime_module == "re" and runtime_name in {"Match", "Pattern"}
                ):
                    runtime_module = "typing"
                runtime_fullname = f"{runtime_module}.{runtime_name}"
                if re.fullmatch(rf"_?{re.escape(stub_origin.fullname)}", runtime_fullname):
                    # Okay, we're probably fine.
                    return

        # Okay, either we couldn't construct a fullname
        # or the fullname of the stub didn't match the fullname of the runtime.
        # Fallback to a full structural check of the runtime vis-a-vis the stub.
        yield from verify(stub_origin, runtime_origin, object_path)
        return
    if isinstance(stub_target, mypy.types.UnionType):
        # complain if runtime is not a Union or UnionType
        if runtime_origin is not Union and (
            not (sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and isinstance(runtime, types.UnionType))
        ):
            yield Error(object_path, "is not a Union", stub, runtime, stub_desc=str(stub_target))
        # could check Union contents here...
        return
    if isinstance(stub_target, mypy.types.TupleType):
        if tuple not in getattr(runtime_origin, "__mro__", ()):
            yield Error(
                object_path, "is not a subclass of tuple", stub, runtime, stub_desc=stub_desc
            )
        # could check Tuple contents here...
        return
    if isinstance(stub_target, mypy.types.CallableType):
        if runtime_origin is not collections.abc.Callable:
            yield Error(
                object_path, "is not a type alias for Callable", stub, runtime, stub_desc=stub_desc
            )
        # could check Callable contents here...
        return
    if isinstance(stub_target, mypy.types.AnyType):
        return
    yield Error(object_path, "is not a recognised type alias", stub, runtime, stub_desc=stub_desc)


# ====================
# Helpers
# ====================


IGNORED_MODULE_DUNDERS: Final = frozenset(
    {
        "__file__",
        "__doc__",
        "__name__",
        "__builtins__",
        "__package__",
        "__cached__",
        "__loader__",
        "__spec__",
        "__annotations__",
        "__path__",  # mypy adds __path__ to packages, but C packages don't have it
        "__getattr__",  # resulting behaviour might be typed explicitly
        # Created by `warnings.warn`, does not make much sense to have in stubs:
        "__warningregistry__",
        # TODO: remove the following from this list
        "__author__",
        "__version__",
        "__copyright__",
    }
)

IGNORABLE_CLASS_DUNDERS: Final = frozenset(
    {
        # Special attributes
        "__dict__",
        "__annotations__",
        "__text_signature__",
        "__weakref__",
        "__hash__",
        "__getattr__",  # resulting behaviour might be typed explicitly
        "__setattr__",  # defining this on a class can cause worse type checking
        "__vectorcalloffset__",  # undocumented implementation detail of the vectorcall protocol
        "__firstlineno__",
        "__static_attributes__",
        # isinstance/issubclass hooks that type-checkers don't usually care about
        "__instancecheck__",
        "__subclasshook__",
        "__subclasscheck__",
        # python2 only magic methods:
        "__cmp__",
        "__nonzero__",
        "__unicode__",
        "__div__",
        # cython methods
        "__pyx_vtable__",
        # Pickle methods
        "__setstate__",
        "__getstate__",
        "__getnewargs__",
        "__getinitargs__",
        "__reduce_ex__",
        "__reduce__",
        # ctypes weirdness
        "__ctype_be__",
        "__ctype_le__",
        "__ctypes_from_outparam__",
        # mypy limitations
        "__abstractmethods__",  # Classes with metaclass=ABCMeta inherit this attribute
        "__new_member__",  # If an enum defines __new__, the method is renamed as __new_member__
        "__dataclass_fields__",  # Generated by dataclasses
        "__dataclass_params__",  # Generated by dataclasses
        "__doc__",  # mypy's semanal for namedtuples assumes this is str, not Optional[str]
        # Added to all protocol classes on 3.12+ (or if using typing_extensions.Protocol)
        "__protocol_attrs__",
        "__callable_proto_members_only__",
        "__non_callable_proto_members__",
        # typing implementation details, consider removing some of these:
        "__parameters__",
        "__origin__",
        "__args__",
        "__orig_bases__",
        "__final__",  # Has a specialized check
        # Consider removing __slots__?
        "__slots__",
    }
)


def is_probably_private(name: str) -> bool:
    return name.startswith("_") and not is_dunder(name)


def is_probably_a_function(runtime: Any) -> bool:
    return (
        isinstance(runtime, (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType))
        or isinstance(runtime, (types.MethodType, types.BuiltinMethodType))
        or (inspect.ismethoddescriptor(runtime) and callable(runtime))
        or (isinstance(runtime, types.MethodWrapperType) and callable(runtime))
    )


def is_read_only_property(runtime: object) -> bool:
    return isinstance(runtime, property) and runtime.fset is None


def safe_inspect_signature(runtime: Any) -> inspect.Signature | None:
    try:
        try:
            return inspect.signature(runtime)
        except ValueError:
            if (
                hasattr(runtime, "__text_signature__")
                and "<unrepresentable>" in runtime.__text_signature__
            ):
                # Try to fix up the signature. Workaround for
                # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/87233
                sig = runtime.__text_signature__.replace("<unrepresentable>", "...")
                sig = inspect._signature_fromstr(inspect.Signature, runtime, sig)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                assert isinstance(sig, inspect.Signature)
                new_params = [
                    (
                        parameter.replace(default=UNREPRESENTABLE)
                        if parameter.default is ...
                        else parameter
                    )
                    for parameter in sig.parameters.values()
                ]
                return sig.replace(parameters=new_params)
            else:
                raise
    except Exception:
        # inspect.signature throws ValueError all the time
        # catch RuntimeError because of https://bugs.python.org/issue39504
        # catch TypeError because of https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/5762
        # catch AttributeError because of inspect.signature(_curses.window.border)
        return None


def describe_runtime_callable(signature: inspect.Signature, *, is_async: bool) -> str:
    return f'{"async " if is_async else ""}def {signature}'


def is_subtype_helper(left: mypy.types.Type, right: mypy.types.Type) -> bool:
    """Checks whether ``left`` is a subtype of ``right``."""
    left = mypy.types.get_proper_type(left)
    right = mypy.types.get_proper_type(right)
    if (
        isinstance(left, mypy.types.LiteralType)
        and isinstance(left.value, int)
        and left.value in (0, 1)
        and mypy.types.is_named_instance(right, "builtins.bool")
    ):
        # Pretend Literal[0, 1] is a subtype of bool to avoid unhelpful errors.
        return True

    if isinstance(right, mypy.types.TypedDictType) and mypy.types.is_named_instance(
        left, "builtins.dict"
    ):
        # Special case checks against TypedDicts
        return True

    with mypy.state.state.strict_optional_set(True):
        return mypy.subtypes.is_subtype(left, right)


def get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(runtime: Any) -> mypy.types.Type | None:
    """Returns a mypy type object representing the type of ``runtime``.

    Returns None if we can't find something that works.

    """
    if runtime is None:
        return mypy.types.NoneType()
    if isinstance(runtime, property):
        # Give up on properties to avoid issues with things that are typed as attributes.
        return None

    def anytype() -> mypy.types.AnyType:
        return mypy.types.AnyType(mypy.types.TypeOfAny.unannotated)

    if isinstance(
        runtime,
        (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType, types.MethodType, types.BuiltinMethodType),
    ):
        builtins = get_stub("builtins")
        assert builtins is not None
        type_info = builtins.names["function"].node
        assert isinstance(type_info, nodes.TypeInfo)
        fallback = mypy.types.Instance(type_info, [anytype()])
        signature = safe_inspect_signature(runtime)
        if signature:
            arg_types = []
            arg_kinds = []
            arg_names = []
            for arg in signature.parameters.values():
                arg_types.append(anytype())
                arg_names.append(
                    None if arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY else arg.name
                )
                no_default = arg.default is inspect.Parameter.empty
                if arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
                    arg_kinds.append(nodes.ARG_POS if no_default else nodes.ARG_OPT)
                elif arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
                    arg_kinds.append(nodes.ARG_POS if no_default else nodes.ARG_OPT)
                elif arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
                    arg_kinds.append(nodes.ARG_NAMED if no_default else nodes.ARG_NAMED_OPT)
                elif arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
                    arg_kinds.append(nodes.ARG_STAR)
                elif arg.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
                    arg_kinds.append(nodes.ARG_STAR2)
                else:
                    raise AssertionError
        else:
            arg_types = [anytype(), anytype()]
            arg_kinds = [nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2]
            arg_names = [None, None]

        return mypy.types.CallableType(
            arg_types,
            arg_kinds,
            arg_names,
            ret_type=anytype(),
            fallback=fallback,
            is_ellipsis_args=True,
        )

    # Try and look up a stub for the runtime object
    stub = get_stub(type(runtime).__module__)
    if stub is None:
        return None
    type_name = type(runtime).__name__
    if type_name not in stub.names:
        return None
    type_info = stub.names[type_name].node
    if isinstance(type_info, nodes.Var):
        return type_info.type
    if not isinstance(type_info, nodes.TypeInfo):
        return None

    if isinstance(runtime, tuple):
        # Special case tuples so we construct a valid mypy.types.TupleType
        optional_items = [get_mypy_type_of_runtime_value(v) for v in runtime]
        items = [(i if i is not None else anytype()) for i in optional_items]
        fallback = mypy.types.Instance(type_info, [anytype()])
        return mypy.types.TupleType(items, fallback)

    fallback = mypy.types.Instance(type_info, [anytype() for _ in type_info.type_vars])

    value: bool | int | str
    if isinstance(runtime, enum.Enum) and isinstance(runtime.name, str):
        value = runtime.name
    elif isinstance(runtime, bytes):
        value = bytes_to_human_readable_repr(runtime)
    elif isinstance(runtime, (bool, int, str)):
        value = runtime
    else:
        return fallback

    return mypy.types.LiteralType(value=value, fallback=fallback)


# ====================
# Build and entrypoint
# ====================


_all_stubs: dict[str, nodes.MypyFile] = {}


def build_stubs(modules: list[str], options: Options, find_submodules: bool = False) -> list[str]:
    """Uses mypy to construct stub objects for the given modules.

    This sets global state that ``get_stub`` can access.

    Returns all modules we might want to check. If ``find_submodules`` is False, this is equal
    to ``modules``.

    :param modules: List of modules to build stubs for.
    :param options: Mypy options for finding and building stubs.
    :param find_submodules: Whether to attempt to find submodules of the given modules as well.

    """
    data_dir = mypy.build.default_data_dir()
    search_path = mypy.modulefinder.compute_search_paths([], options, data_dir)
    find_module_cache = mypy.modulefinder.FindModuleCache(
        search_path, fscache=None, options=options
    )

    all_modules = []
    sources = []
    for module in modules:
        all_modules.append(module)
        if not find_submodules:
            module_path = find_module_cache.find_module(module)
            if not isinstance(module_path, str):
                # test_module will yield an error later when it can't find stubs
                continue
            sources.append(mypy.modulefinder.BuildSource(module_path, module, None))
        else:
            found_sources = find_module_cache.find_modules_recursive(module)
            sources.extend(found_sources)
            # find submodules via mypy
            all_modules.extend(s.module for s in found_sources if s.module not in all_modules)
            # find submodules via pkgutil
            try:
                runtime = silent_import_module(module)
                all_modules.extend(
                    m.name
                    for m in pkgutil.walk_packages(runtime.__path__, runtime.__name__ + ".")
                    if m.name not in all_modules
                )
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except BaseException:
                pass

    if sources:
        try:
            res = mypy.build.build(sources=sources, options=options)
        except mypy.errors.CompileError as e:
            raise StubtestFailure(f"failed mypy compile:\n{e}") from e
        if res.errors:
            raise StubtestFailure("mypy build errors:\n" + "\n".join(res.errors))

        global _all_stubs
        _all_stubs = res.files

    return all_modules


def get_stub(module: str) -> nodes.MypyFile | None:
    """Returns a stub object for the given module, if we've built one."""
    return _all_stubs.get(module)


def get_typeshed_stdlib_modules(
    custom_typeshed_dir: str | None, version_info: tuple[int, int] | None = None
) -> set[str]:
    """Returns a list of stdlib modules in typeshed (for current Python version)."""
    stdlib_py_versions = mypy.modulefinder.load_stdlib_py_versions(custom_typeshed_dir)
    if version_info is None:
        version_info = sys.version_info[0:2]

    def exists_in_version(module: str) -> bool:
        assert version_info is not None
        parts = module.split(".")
        for i in range(len(parts), 0, -1):
            current_module = ".".join(parts[:i])
            if current_module in stdlib_py_versions:
                minver, maxver = stdlib_py_versions[current_module]
                return version_info >= minver and (maxver is None or version_info <= maxver)
        return False

    if custom_typeshed_dir:
        typeshed_dir = Path(custom_typeshed_dir)
    else:
        typeshed_dir = Path(mypy.build.default_data_dir()) / "typeshed"
    stdlib_dir = typeshed_dir / "stdlib"

    modules: set[str] = set()
    for path in stdlib_dir.rglob("*.pyi"):
        if path.stem == "__init__":
            path = path.parent
        module = ".".join(path.relative_to(stdlib_dir).parts[:-1] + (path.stem,))
        if exists_in_version(module):
            modules.add(module)
    return modules


def get_importable_stdlib_modules() -> set[str]:
    """Return all importable stdlib modules at runtime."""
    all_stdlib_modules: AbstractSet[str]
    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
        all_stdlib_modules = sys.stdlib_module_names
    else:
        all_stdlib_modules = set(sys.builtin_module_names)
        modules_by_finder: defaultdict[importlib.machinery.FileFinder, set[str]] = defaultdict(set)
        for m in pkgutil.iter_modules():
            if isinstance(m.module_finder, importlib.machinery.FileFinder):
                modules_by_finder[m.module_finder].add(m.name)
        for finder, module_group in modules_by_finder.items():
            if (
                "site-packages" not in Path(finder.path).parts
                # if "_queue" is present, it's most likely the module finder
                # for stdlib extension modules;
                # if "queue" is present, it's most likely the module finder
                # for pure-Python stdlib modules.
                # In either case, we'll want to add all the modules that the finder has to offer us.
                # This is a bit hacky, but seems to work well in a cross-platform way.
                and {"_queue", "queue"} & module_group
            ):
                all_stdlib_modules.update(module_group)

    importable_stdlib_modules: set[str] = set()
    for module_name in all_stdlib_modules:
        if module_name in ANNOYING_STDLIB_MODULES:
            continue

        try:
            runtime = silent_import_module(module_name)
        except ImportError:
            continue
        else:
            importable_stdlib_modules.add(module_name)

        try:
            # some stdlib modules (e.g. `nt`) don't have __path__ set...
            runtime_path = runtime.__path__
            runtime_name = runtime.__name__
        except AttributeError:
            continue

        for submodule in pkgutil.walk_packages(runtime_path, runtime_name + "."):
            submodule_name = submodule.name

            # There are many annoying *.__main__ stdlib modules,
            # and including stubs for them isn't really that useful anyway:
            # tkinter.__main__ opens a tkinter windows; unittest.__main__ raises SystemExit; etc.
            #
            # The idlelib.* submodules are similarly annoying in opening random tkinter windows,
            # and we're unlikely to ever add stubs for idlelib in typeshed
            # (see discussion in https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/9193)
            #
            # test.* modules do weird things like raising exceptions in __del__ methods,
            # leading to unraisable exceptions being logged to the terminal
            # as a warning at the end of the stubtest run
            if submodule_name.endswith(".__main__") or submodule_name.startswith(
                ("idlelib.", "test.")
            ):
                continue

            try:
                silent_import_module(submodule_name)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            # importing multiprocessing.popen_forkserver on Windows raises AttributeError...
            # some submodules also appear to raise SystemExit as well on some Python versions
            # (not sure exactly which)
            except BaseException:
                continue
            else:
                importable_stdlib_modules.add(submodule_name)

    return importable_stdlib_modules


def get_allowlist_entries(allowlist_file: str) -> Iterator[str]:
    def strip_comments(s: str) -> str:
        try:
            return s[: s.index("#")].strip()
        except ValueError:
            return s.strip()

    with open(allowlist_file) as f:
        for line in f:
            entry = strip_comments(line)
            if entry:
                yield entry


class _Arguments:
    modules: list[str]
    concise: bool
    ignore_missing_stub: bool
    ignore_positional_only: bool
    allowlist: list[str]
    generate_allowlist: bool
    ignore_unused_allowlist: bool
    mypy_config_file: str | None
    custom_typeshed_dir: str | None
    check_typeshed: bool
    version: str
    show_traceback: bool
    pdb: bool


# typeshed added a stub for __main__, but that causes stubtest to check itself
ANNOYING_STDLIB_MODULES: Final = frozenset({"antigravity", "this", "__main__", "_ios_support"})


def test_stubs(args: _Arguments, use_builtins_fixtures: bool = False) -> int:
    """This is stubtest! It's time to test the stubs!"""
    # Load the allowlist. This is a series of strings corresponding to Error.object_desc
    # Values in the dict will store whether we used the allowlist entry or not.
    allowlist = {
        entry: False
        for allowlist_file in args.allowlist
        for entry in get_allowlist_entries(allowlist_file)
    }
    allowlist_regexes = {entry: re.compile(entry) for entry in allowlist}

    # If we need to generate an allowlist, we store Error.object_desc for each error here.
    generated_allowlist = set()

    modules = args.modules
    if args.check_typeshed:
        if args.modules:
            print(
                _style("error:", color="red", bold=True),
                "cannot pass both --check-typeshed and a list of modules",
            )
            return 1
        typeshed_modules = get_typeshed_stdlib_modules(args.custom_typeshed_dir)
        runtime_modules = get_importable_stdlib_modules()
        modules = sorted((typeshed_modules | runtime_modules) - ANNOYING_STDLIB_MODULES)

    if not modules:
        print(_style("error:", color="red", bold=True), "no modules to check")
        return 1

    options = Options()
    options.incremental = False
    options.custom_typeshed_dir = args.custom_typeshed_dir
    if options.custom_typeshed_dir:
        options.abs_custom_typeshed_dir = os.path.abspath(options.custom_typeshed_dir)
    options.config_file = args.mypy_config_file
    options.use_builtins_fixtures = use_builtins_fixtures
    options.show_traceback = args.show_traceback
    options.pdb = args.pdb

    if options.config_file:

        def set_strict_flags() -> None:  # not needed yet
            return

        parse_config_file(options, set_strict_flags, options.config_file, sys.stdout, sys.stderr)

    def error_callback(msg: str) -> typing.NoReturn:
        print(_style("error:", color="red", bold=True), msg)
        sys.exit(1)

    def warning_callback(msg: str) -> None:
        print(_style("warning:", color="yellow", bold=True), msg)

    options.process_error_codes(error_callback=error_callback)
    options.process_incomplete_features(
        error_callback=error_callback, warning_callback=warning_callback
    )

    try:
        modules = build_stubs(modules, options, find_submodules=not args.check_typeshed)
    except StubtestFailure as stubtest_failure:
        print(
            _style("error:", color="red", bold=True),
            f"not checking stubs due to {stubtest_failure}",
        )
        return 1

    exit_code = 0
    error_count = 0
    for module in modules:
        for error in test_module(module):
            # Filter errors
            if args.ignore_missing_stub and error.is_missing_stub():
                continue
            if args.ignore_positional_only and error.is_positional_only_related():
                continue
            if error.object_desc in allowlist:
                allowlist[error.object_desc] = True
                continue
            is_allowlisted = False
            for w in allowlist:
                if allowlist_regexes[w].fullmatch(error.object_desc):
                    allowlist[w] = True
                    is_allowlisted = True
                    break
            if is_allowlisted:
                continue

            # We have errors, so change exit code, and output whatever necessary
            exit_code = 1
            if args.generate_allowlist:
                generated_allowlist.add(error.object_desc)
                continue
            print(error.get_description(concise=args.concise))
            error_count += 1

    # Print unused allowlist entries
    if not args.ignore_unused_allowlist:
        for w in allowlist:
            # Don't consider an entry unused if it regex-matches the empty string
            # This lets us allowlist errors that don't manifest at all on some systems
            if not allowlist[w] and not allowlist_regexes[w].fullmatch(""):
                exit_code = 1
                error_count += 1
                print(f"note: unused allowlist entry {w}")

    # Print the generated allowlist
    if args.generate_allowlist:
        for e in sorted(generated_allowlist):
            print(e)
        exit_code = 0
    elif not args.concise:
        if error_count:
            print(
                _style(
                    f"Found {error_count} error{plural_s(error_count)}"
                    f" (checked {len(modules)} module{plural_s(modules)})",
                    color="red",
                    bold=True,
                )
            )
        else:
            print(
                _style(
                    f"Success: no issues found in {len(modules)} module{plural_s(modules)}",
                    color="green",
                    bold=True,
                )
            )

    return exit_code


def parse_options(args: list[str]) -> _Arguments:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Compares stubs to objects introspected from the runtime."
    )
    parser.add_argument("modules", nargs="*", help="Modules to test")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--concise",
        action="store_true",
        help="Makes stubtest's output more concise, one line per error",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ignore-missing-stub",
        action="store_true",
        help="Ignore errors for stub missing things that are present at runtime",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ignore-positional-only",
        action="store_true",
        help="Ignore errors for whether an argument should or shouldn't be positional-only",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allowlist",
        "--whitelist",
        action="append",
        metavar="FILE",
        default=[],
        help=(
            "Use file as an allowlist. Can be passed multiple times to combine multiple "
            "allowlists. Allowlists can be created with --generate-allowlist. Allowlists "
            "support regular expressions."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--generate-allowlist",
        "--generate-whitelist",
        action="store_true",
        help="Print an allowlist (to stdout) to be used with --allowlist",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ignore-unused-allowlist",
        "--ignore-unused-whitelist",
        action="store_true",
        help="Ignore unused allowlist entries",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mypy-config-file",
        metavar="FILE",
        help=("Use specified mypy config file to determine mypy plugins and mypy path"),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--custom-typeshed-dir", metavar="DIR", help="Use the custom typeshed in DIR"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--check-typeshed", action="store_true", help="Check all stdlib modules in typeshed"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--version", action="version", version="%(prog)s " + mypy.version.__version__
    )
    parser.add_argument("--pdb", action="store_true", help="Invoke pdb on fatal error")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--show-traceback", "--tb", action="store_true", help="Show traceback on fatal error"
    )

    return parser.parse_args(args, namespace=_Arguments())


def main() -> int:
    mypy.util.check_python_version("stubtest")
    return test_stubs(parse_options(sys.argv[1:]))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())
