# Processor Languages

All processors have an associated language that defines the mapping between user readable assembly language instructions (e.g. MOV, ADD, etc.) and their corresponding byte values. In order to disassemble a binary image for a specific processor, Ghidra requires a language module for that processor. A language module is the software that implements the language translation. Ghidra has a set of language modules for the most commonly-used processor languages. New languages can be added to Ghidra by writing new language modules.

Ghidra uses a processor modeling language called Sleigh to define the binary parsing and instruction symantics associated with each language. The semantic information allows for more advanced analysis and enables features such as the decompiler.

The list of available languages can be found in the Ghidra Release Notes.

## Setting a Program's Language

All programs are initially assigned a Processor Language when they are first imported into a project. The processor language can be changed, but only to a closely related language. Any stored register values will be transferred if there is a register with the same name in the new language. If a matching register can't be found those values will be removed.

If your program has been added to version control in a shared project, you must first have an exclusive check out on the file before you can set the language. In addition, the program file may not be open in a tool when changing the assigned processor language.

To change the processor language, right-click on the program file within the Project Window data tree, and select Set Language... from the popup menu. Since setting the language is such a major change, the following warning will appear.

Alternatively, if your file is versioned, you should check-in any recent changes prior to performing this operation. If you press the "OK" button, the Select Language dialog will be displayed:

Select the language from the list and press "OK" to change the processor language for the current program. If the selected language is sufficiently similar to the existing language, the change will be made. Otherwise, an error dialog will appear and the change will not be allowed. By default, a filter will automatically be applied that displays the most compatible languages. It is recommended to only use one of these languages.

Once the operation completes successfully the only way to revert to the previous language (aside from attempting another Set Language) is to undo your checkout if it is versioned. Otherwise, you must rely on a backup copy which you hopefully made prior to the operation.

Set Language will fail if any old address space can not be mapped to the same size or larger address spaces within the new language. This allows migration to larger processor implementations (e.g., 32-bit to 64-bit), but not the reverse.

## PCode

The semantic information provided by the SLED and SLEIGH-based languages is called PCode (a form of generic microcode). Each assembly language instruction can be broken down into one or more PCode instructions. The more advanced automatic analysis features in Ghidra require PCode in order to operate.

To see PCode, add the PCode field in the Instruction/Data tab of the Browser Field. The figure below shows a CodeBrowser with the PCode field added.

Related Topics:

- Analysis
- Disassembly