--- title: IANA Registry Updates for TLS and DTLS abbrev:(D)TLSTLS and DTLS IANA Registry Updates docname: draft-ietf-tls-rfc8447bis-latest number: 9847 obsoletes: updates: 8447 submissiontype: IETF category: stdupdates: 8447v: 3 ipr: trust200902 area:"Security"SEC workgroup:"Transport Layer Security"TLS keyword:Internet-Draft venue: group: "Transport Layer Security" type: "Working Group" mail: "tls@ietf.org" arch: "https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/tls/" github: "tlswg/rfc8447bis"date: 2025-10 consensus: true stand_alone: yes smart_quotes: no pi: [toc, sortrefs, symrefs] author: - ins: J. Salowey name: Joe Salowey organization: Venafi email: joe@salowey.net - ins: S. Turner name: Sean Turner organization: sn3rd email: sean@sn3rd.com normative: informative: --- abstract <!-- [rfced] Note that we have updated the short title, which appears in the running header in the PDF output, as follows. Please let us know any objections. Original: (D)TLS IANA Registry Updates Current: TLS and DTLS IANA Registry Updates --> <!-- [rfced] Please insert any keywords (beyond those that appear in the title) for use on https://www.rfc-editor.org/search. --> <!-- [rfced] FYI - We will do the following when we convert the file to RFCXML: - Update relevant URLs to be clickable in the HTML and PDF outputs --> <!-- [rfced] Because this document updates RFC 8447, please review the errata reported for RFC 8447 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/rfc8447) and let us know if you confirm our opinion that none of them are relevant to the content of this document. --> This document updates the changes to the TLS and DTLS IANA registries made in RFC 8447. It adds a newvaluevalue, "D" fordiscourageddiscouraged, to theRecommended"Recommended" column of the selected TLS registries and adds a "Comment" column to all active registries that do not already have a "Comment" column. Finally, it updates the registration request instructions. This document updates RFC 8447. --- middle # Introduction This document instructs IANA to make changes to a number of the IANA registries related to Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS). These changes update the changes made in {{!RFC8447}}.<aside markdown="block"> RFC EDITOR NOTE: Please remove the note that follows. </aside> <aside markdown="block"> NOTE for IANA: This document specifies changes to the registry to update the changes made in {{RFC8447}}. </aside>This specification adds a newvaluevalue, "D" fordiscourageddiscouraged, to theRecommended"Recommended" column of the selected TLS registries and adds a "Comment" column to all active registries that do not already have a "Comment" column. Thisspecicationspecification also updates the registration request instructions. # Terminology {::boilerplate bcp14-tagged} <!-- [rfced] In the sentence below, is the intention to have consensus to leave one item or multiple items marked? Original: The IETF might have consensus to leave an items marked as "N" on the basis of its having limited applicability or usage constraints. Perhaps (Singular): The IETF might have consensus to leave an item marked as "N" on the basis of the item having limited applicability or usage constraints. Or (Plural): The IETF might have consensus to leave items marked as "N" on the basis of the items having limited applicability or usage constraints. --> # Updating "Recommended" Column's Values The instructions in this document update theRecommended"Recommended" column, originally added in {{RFC8447}} to add a third value, "D", indicating that a value is"Discouraged".discouraged. The permitted values of the "Recommended" column are: Y: : Indicates that the IETF has consensus that the item is RECOMMENDED. This only means that the associated mechanism is fit for the purpose for which it was defined. Careful reading of the documentation for the mechanism is necessary to understand the applicability of that mechanism. The IETF could recommend mechanisms that have limitedapplicability,applicability but will provide applicability statements that describe any limitations of the mechanism or necessary constraints on its use. N: : Indicates that the item has not been evaluated by the IETF and that the IETF has made no statement about the suitability of the associated mechanism. This does not necessarily mean that the mechanism is flawed, only that no consensus exists. The IETF might have consensus to leave an items marked as "N" on the basis of its having limited applicability or usage constraints. D: : Indicates that the item is discouraged. This marking could be used to identify mechanisms that might result in problems if they are used, such as a weak cryptographic algorithm or a mechanism that might cause interoperability problems in deployment. When marking a registry entry as“D”,"D", either theReferences"Reference" or theComments Column"Comment" column MUST include sufficient information to determine why the marking has been applied. Implementers and users SHOULD consult the linked references associated with the item to determine the conditions under which the item SHOULD NOT or MUST NOT be used. Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval {{!RFC8126}}. Not all items defined in Standards Track RFCs need to be set to "Y" or "D". Any item not otherwise specified is set to "N". The column is blank for values that are unassigned or reserved unless specifically set. ## Recommended Note {#rec-note} Existing registries have a note on the meaning of theRecommended"Recommended" column. For the registries discussed in the subsequentsectionssections, this note is updated with a sentence describing the "D" value as follows: {:quote} > Note::If the "Recommended" column is set to "N", it does not necessarily mean that it is flawed; rather, it indicates that the itemeitherhas not been through the IETF consensus process, has limited applicability, or is intended only for specific use cases. If the "Recommended" column is set to"D""D", the item is discouraged and SHOULD NOT or MUST NOT be used, depending upon the situation; consult theitem’sitem's references for clarity. # TLS ExtensionType Values Registry In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS"TLS ExtensionTypeValuesValues" registry as follows: -AdjustAdjusted the registration procedure related to setting the“Recommended”"Recommended" column as follows:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated the "Recommended" column with the changesaslisted below. Entries keep their existing "Y" and "N" entries except for the entries in the following table. IANAis requested to addhas added a reference to this document for these entries. <!-- [rfced] FYI - We have reordered the values in Table 1 to reflect how they are listed in the "TLS ExtensionType Values" registry. --> |Value | Extension Name | Recommended | |:-----|:------------------------------------|------------:| |4 |truncated_hmac | D ||53 |connection_id (deprecated) | D ||40 |Reserved | D | |46 |Reserved | D | |53 |connection_id (deprecated) | D | -UpdateUpdated the note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. - For the truncated_hmac,addadded the following link toReferencethe "Reference" column: https://www.iacr.org/archive/asiacrypt2011/70730368/70730368.pdf - For the two Reserved values above,addadded the following link in theReference"Reference" column: https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/tls-reg-review/5BD62HBFjo_AsW-Y8ohVuWEe1gI/ # TLS Cipher Suites Registry Several categories ofciphersuitescipher suites are discouraged for general use and are marked as "D".CiphersuitesCipher suites that use NULL encryption do not provide the confidentiality normally expected of TLS. Protocols and applications are often designed to require confidentiality as a security property. Theseciphersuitescipher suites MUST NOT be used in those cases.CiphersuitesCipher suites marked as EXPORT use weak ciphers and were deprecated in TLS 1.1 {{!RFC4346}}. Cipher suites marked as anon do not provide anyauthentication andauthentication, are vulnerable to on-pathattacksattacks, andarewere deprecated in TLS 1.1 {{!RFC4346}}. RC4 is a weak cipher and is deprecated in {{!RFC7465}}. DES andIDEAthe International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) are not considered secure for general use andarewere deprecated in {{!RFC5469}}.Nor isMD5or SHA-1andtheseSHA-1 are also not secure for general use and were deprecated in {{!RFC9155}}. In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS ExtensionType Values"TLS Cipher Suites" registry as follows: -AdjustAdjusted the registration procedure related to setting the“Recommended”"Recommended" column as follows:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated the "Recommended" column with the changesaslisted below. Entries keep their existing "Y" and "N" entries except for the entries in following table. IANAis requested to addhas added a reference to this document for these entries. This document does not make any changes to theDTLS-OK"DTLS-OK" column. | Value |Cipher Suite NameDescription | Recommended | |:------|:---------------------------------------------|-----------:| | 0x00,0x1E | TLS_KRB5_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x20 | TLS_KRB5_WITH_RC4_128_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x21 | TLS_KRB5_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x22 | TLS_KRB5_WITH_DES_CBC_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x24 | TLS_KRB5_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x25 | TLS_KRB5_WITH_IDEA_CBC_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x26 | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_DES_CBC_40_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x27 | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x28 | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x29 | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_DES_CBC_40_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x2A | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x2B | TLS_KRB5_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 | D | | 0x00,0x2C | TLS_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA | D | | 0x00,0x8A | TLS_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA | D | | 0x00,0xB0 | TLS_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 | D | | 0x00,0xB1 | TLS_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 | D | | 0xC0,0x06 | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x07 | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x10 | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x11 | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x33 | TLS_ECDHE_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x39 | TLS_ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA | D | | 0xC0,0x3A | TLS_ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 | D | | 0xC0,0x3B | TLS_ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 | D | | 0xC0,0xB4 | TLS_SHA256_SHA256 | D | | 0xC0,0xB5 | TLS_SHA384_SHA384 | D | -UpdateUpdated the note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS Supported Groups Registry In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS"TLS SupportedGroupsGroups" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration policy to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated the "Recommended" column with the changesaslisted below. Entries keep their existing "Y" and "N" entries except for the entries in following table. IANAis requested to addhas added a reference to this document for these entries. | Value |CurveDescription | Recommended | |:-|:-|-:| | 1 |sect163k1 | D | | 2 | sect163r1 | D | | 3 | sect163r2 | D | | 4 | sect193r1 | D | | 5 | sect193r2 | D | | 6 | sect233k1 | D | | 7 | sect233r1 | D | | 8 | sect239k1 | D | | 15 | secp160k1 | D | | 16 | secp160r1 | D | | 17 | secp160r2 | D | | 18 | secp192k1 | D | | 19 | secp192r1 | D | | 20 | secp224k1 | D | | 21 | secp224r1 | D | -UpdateUpdated the note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. -RemoveRemoved the "Elliptic curve groups" note from the registration procedures table. - For each of the entries above,addadded the following link to theComment"Comment" column: https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/118/materials/slides-118-tls-rfc8447bis-00 # TLS Exporter Labels Registry This document updates the registration procedure for theTLS"TLS ExporterLabelsLabels" registry and updates theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation. IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS"TLS ExporterLabels RegistryLabels" registry as follows: -ChangeChanged the registration procedure from Specification Required to Expert Review andupdateupdated it to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. - Entrieskeepkept their existingRecommended"Recommended" column "Y" and "N"entriesentries. -UpdateUpdated the note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. -UpdateUpdated the note on the role of the expert reviewer as follows. {:quote} > Note::The role of the designated expert is described in {{RFC8447, Section 17}}. Even though this registry does not require a specification, the designated expert {{!RFC8126}} will strongly encourage registrants to provide a link to a publicly available specification. An Internet-Draft (that is posted and never published as an RFC) or a document from another standards body, industry consortium, university site, etc.areis suitable for these purposes. The expert may provide more in-depth reviews, but their approval should not be taken as an endorsement of the exporter label. The expert also verifies that the label is a string consisting of printable ASCII characters beginning with "EXPORTER". IANA MUST also verify that one label is not a prefix of any other label. For example, labels "key" or "master secretary" are forbidden. -RenameRenamed theNote"Note" column toComment column."Comment". # TLS Certificate Types Registry In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS"TLS CertificateTypesTypes" registry as follows: -AdjustAdjusted the registration procedure related to setting the“Recommended”"Recommended" column as follows:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. - Entrieskeepkept their existingRecommended"Recommended" column "Y" and "N" entries. -UpdateUpdated the note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS HashAlgorithm RegistryThoughTLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 were deprecated {{!RFC8996}}, TLS 1.2 will be in use for some time. In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS HashAlgorithm Registry"TLS HashAlgorithm" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration procedure to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated theTLS HashAlgorithm"TLS HashAlgorithm" registry to add a "Recommended" column as follows: | Value | Description | Recommended | |:---- |:-------------|------------:| | 0 | none | Y | | 1 | md5 | D | | 2 | sha1 | D | | 3 | sha224 | D | | 4 | sha256 | Y | | 5 | sha384 | Y | | 6 | sha512 | Y | | 8 | Intrinsic | Y | -AddAdded a note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS SignatureAlgorithm RegistryThoughTLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 were deprecated {{!RFC8996}}, TLS 1.2 will be in use for some time. In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS SignatureAlgorithm"TLS SignatureAlgorithm" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration procedure to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated theTLS SignatureAlgorithm"TLS SignatureAlgorithm" registry to add a "Recommended" column as follows: |Value | Description | Recommended | |:-----|:-------------|------------:| | 0 | anonymous| N | | 1 | rsa | Y | | 2 | dsa | N | | 3 | ecdsa | Y | | 7 | ed25519 | Y | | 8 | ed448 | Y | | 64 | gostr34102012_256 | N | | 65 | gostr34102012_512 | N | -AddAdded a note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS ClientCertificateType Identifiers RegistryThoughTLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 were deprecated {{!RFC8996}}, TLS 1.2 will be in use for some time. In order torefectreflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS"TLS ClientCertificateTypeIdentifiersIdentifiers" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration procedure to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. -UpdateUpdated theTLS"TLS ClientCertificateTypeIdentifiersIdentifiers" registry to add a "Recommended" column as follows: | Value | Description | Recommended | |:------|:-------------|------------:| | 1 | rsa_sign | Y | | 2 | dss_sign | N | | 3 | rsa_fixed_dh | N | | 4 | dss_fixed_dh | N | | 5 | rsa_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED | D | | 6 | dss_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED | D | | 20 | fortezza_dms_RESERVED | D | | 64 | ecdsa_sign | Y | | 65 | rsa_fixed_ecdh | N | | 66 | ecdsa_fixed_ecdh | N | | 67 | gost_sign256 | N | | 68 | gost_sign512 | N | -AddAdded a note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS PskKeyExchangeMode Registry In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS PskKeyExchangeMode"TLS PskKeyExchangeMode" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration procedure to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-AddAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. - Entrieskeepkept their existingRecommended"Recommended" column "Y" and "N" entries. -UpdateUpdated note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # TLS SignatureScheme Registry In order to reflect the changes in theRecommended"Recommended" column allocation, IANAis requested to updatehas updated theTLS SignatureScheme"TLS SignatureScheme" registry as follows: -UpdateUpdated the registration procedure to include:~~~Setting a value to "Y" or "D" or transitioning the value from "Y" or "D" in the "Recommended" column requires IETF Standards Action with Expert Review or IESG Approval [RFC8126].~~~-IANA is requested to addAdded a reference to this document under the reference heading. - Entrieskeepkept their existingRecommended"Recommended" column "Y" and "N" entries. -UpdateUpdated note on theRecommended"Recommended" column with text in {{rec-note}}. # Adding "Comment" Column IANAis requested to addhas added a "Comment" column to the following registries: - TLS ExtensionType Values - TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) Protocol IDs - TLS CachedInformationType Values - TLS Certificate Compression Algorithm IDs - TLS ClientCertificateType Identifiers - TLS Cipher Suites - TLS ContentType - TLS EC Point Formats - TLS EC Curve Types - TLS Supplemental Data Formats (SupplementalDataType) - TLS UserMappingType Values - TLSSignature AlgorithmSignatureAlgorithm - TLSHash AlgorithmHashAlgorithm - TLS Authorization Data Formats - TLS Heartbeat Message Types - TLS Heartbeat Modes - TLS SignatureScheme - TLS PskKeyExchangeMode - TLS KDF Identifiers - TLS SSLKEYLOGFILE Labels This list of registries is all registries that do not already have a "Comment" or"Notes""Note" column or that were not orphaned by TLS 1.3. <!--[rfced] May we remove this sentence from the end of Section 14? This action is already listed in Section 7. Original: IANA is requested to rename the "Note" column to "Comment" column in TLS Exporter Labels registry. --> IANA has renamed the "Note" column to "Comment" in the "TLS Exporter Labels" registry. # Expert Review of Current and Potential IETF and IRTF Documents The intent of the Specification Required choice for TLScode pointscodepoints is to allow for easy registration forcode pointscodepoints associated with protocols and algorithms that are not being actively developed inside the IETF or IRTF. When TLS-based technologies are being developed inside theIRTF/IETFIETF or IRTF, they should be done in coordination with the TLS WG in order to provide appropriate review. For this reason, unless the TLS WGchairsChairs indicate otherwise via email, designated experts should declinecode pointcodepoint registrations for documentswhichthat have already been adopted or are being proposed for adoption by IETF working groups or IRTF research groups. # Registration Requests Registration requests MUST be submitted in one of two ways: 1. By sending email to iana@iana.org; this email SHOULD use an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request to register value in TLS bar registry").3.2. Using the online form at https://www.iana.org/form/protocol-assignment. Specification Required {{RFC8126}} registry requests are registered after a three-week review period on the advice of one or more designated experts. However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication, the designated experts may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a specification will be published. # Security Considerations Recommended algorithms are regarded as secure for general use at the time of registration; however, cryptographic algorithms and parameters will be broken or weakened over time. It is possible that the "Recommended" status in the registry lags behind the most recent advances in cryptanalysis. Implementers and users need to check that the cryptographic algorithms listed continue to provide the expected level of security. Designated experts ensure the specification is publicly available. They may provide more in-depth reviews. Their review should not be taken as an endorsement of the cipher suite, extension, supported group, etc. # IANA Considerations This document is entirely about changes to TLS-related IANA registries. IANAis requested to modifyhas modified the note applied to all TLS Specification Required registries instructing where to send registration requests as follows:<aside markdown="block"> RFC EDITOR: Please replace "This RFC" in<!--[rfced] IANA provided the followingwithnote when they notified us that their actions were complete: NOTE: Some text at theRFC number assignedend of the IANA Considerations section concerning request submission needs to be removed or replaced. Details at the end of the list of actions. Per thisspecification. </aside>note and to reflect what appears in the TLS-related IANA registries, we have updated the text as shown below. Please let us know if any changes are needed. Original: Requests for assignments from the registry's Specification Required range should be sent to the mailing list described in [This RFC, Section 16]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org. Current: | Note: Requests for registration in the "Specification Required" | [RFC8126] range should be sent to iana@iana.org or submitted via | IANA's application form, per [RFC 9847]. IANA will forward the | request to the expert mailing list described in [RFC8447], | Section 17 and track its progress. See the registration procedure | table below for more information. --> {:quote} > Note: Requests for registration in the "Specification Required" {{RFC8126}} range should be sent to iana@iana.org or submitted via IANA's application form, per [RFC 9847]. IANA will forward the request to the expert mailing list described in {{RFC8447, Section 17}} and track its progress. See the registration procedure table below for more information. <!-- [rfced] FYI - We have added an expansion for the following abbreviation per Section 3.6 of RFC 7322 ("RFC Style Guide"). Please review each expansion in the document carefully to ensure correctness. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) --> <!-- [rfced] FYI - We have updated the following terms to the form on the right to match other documents in Cluster 430. Please let us know any objections. ciphersuite(s) > cipher suite(s) code points > codepoints --> <!-- [rfced] Please review the "Inclusive Language" portion of the online Style Guide <https://www.rfc-editor.org/styleguide/part2/#inclusive_language> and let us know if any changes are needed. Updates of this nature typically result in more precise language, which is helpful for readers. Note that our script did not flag any words in particular, but this should still be reviewed as a best practice. --> --- back