# CTWM(1)

## 1. NAME

ctwm - Claude’s Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

## 2. SYNTAX

    ctwm [(--display | -d) dpy]  [--replace]  [--single]
         [(--file | -f) initfile]  [--cfgchk]  [--dumpcfg]
         [--nom4 | -n]  [(--keep-defs | -k)]  [(--keep | -K) m4file]
         [--verbose | -v]  [--quiet | -q]  [--mono]  [--xrm resource]
         [--version]  [--info]  [--nowelcome | -W]
         [--clientId clid]  [--restore resfname]
         [--help | -h]

## 3. DESCRIPTION

ctwm is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides titlebars, shaped windows, virtual screens (workspaces), several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings. It is actually `twm(1)` (Tab Window Manager) from the MIT X11 distribution slightly modified to accommodate the use of several virtual screens (workspaces). It is heavily inspired by the Hewlett-Packard vuewm window manager. In addition, ctwm can use coloured, shaped icons and background root pixmaps in XPM format [from Arnaud Le Hors], in JPEG using libjpeg, and xwd files. ctwm can be compiled to use any combination of the above icon/pixmap formats.

This program is usually started by the user’s session manager or startup script. When used from `xdm(1)` or `xinit(1)` without a session manager, ctwm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last client. When run this way, exiting ctwm causes the X session to be terminated, shutting down the X server and killing off any other running clients.

By default, application windows are surrounded by a “frame” with a titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar contains the window’s name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as “titlebuttons” at the left and right edges of the titlebar to which actions can be bound.

Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been changed with `xmodmap`) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button. In the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon manager (see description of the variable `ShowIconManager` and of the function `f.showiconmgr`).

Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.

When new windows are created, ctwm will honor any size and location information requested by the user (usually through `-geometry` command line argument or resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the window’s default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the current position and give it the default size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the window its current position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

## 4. OPTIONS

`ctwm` accepts the following command line options:

--help, -h

  Print usage text.

--display=`dpy`, -d `dpy`

  This option specifies the X server to use.

--replace

  This option indicates that it is not an error if a window manager is already running. In that case, the existing window manager is asked to quit, and ctwm takes its place. Available only if ctwm is built with the `USE_EWMH` flag. First appeared in 4.0.0.

--single

  This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by `--display` or by the `DISPLAY` environment variable) should be managed. By default, ctwm will attempt to manage all screens on the display.

--cfgchk

  This option causes ctwm to only try to parse the config file, and indicate whether errors are found.

--dumpcfg

  This option causes ctwm to print out the compiled-in fallback config. First appeared in 4.0.0.

--file=`filename`, -f `filename`

  This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. ctwm will first try to load filename.num, where `num` is the screen number. If it fails, it will try to load filename. By default, ctwm will look in the user’s home directory for files named `.ctwmrc.num`, `.ctwmrc`, `.twmrc.num`, or `.twmrc` (where `num` is a screen number).

--verbose, -v

  This option indicates that ctwm should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in regular use.

--quiet, -q

  Disables `--verbose` (useful for overriding aliases, etc).

--nom4, -n

  This option indicates that ctwm should not filter the startup file through `m4`. Available only if ctwm is built with the `USE_M4` flag.

--keep-defs, -k

  This option indicates that ctwm should keep the definitions it prepends to your startup file when filtering through `m4` in /tmp. Available only if ctwm is built with the `USE_M4` flag.

--keep=`m4file`, -K `m4file`

  This option indicates that ctwm should keep the result of filtering your startup file through `m4` in the named file. Available only if ctwm is built with the `USE_M4` flag.

--mono

  Run in monochrome mode.

--version

  ctwm just prints its version number.

--info

  ctwm prints its detailed version and compile time options.

--nowelcome, -W

  This option tells ctwm not to display any welcome when starting.

--clientId=`clid`
--restore=`resfname`

  Something to do with session management

--xrm=`resource`

  Ignored.

ctwm uses `getopt_long()` for parsing the command-line options. This means that args can be passed via `--long=arg` and `--long arg`, as well as `-l arg` and `-larg`, and short args can be bundled like `-vnk` as well as `-v -n -k`.

## 5. CUSTOMIZATION

Much of ctwm’s appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each screen being managed when ctwm begins):

$HOME/.ctwmrc.`screennumber`

  The `screennumber` is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.) representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY environment variable `host:displaynum.screennum`) that would be used to contact that screen of the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of differing visual types.

$HOME/.ctwmrc

  This is the usual name for an individual user’s startup file.

$HOME/.twmrc.`screennumber`
$HOME/.twmrc

  The users twm startup file.

/usr/pkg/etc/system.ctwmrc

  If none of the preceding files are found, ctwm will look in this file for a default configuration. This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for novice users.

If no startup files are found, ctwm will use the built-in defaults described above. The only resource used by ctwm is `bitmapFilePath` for a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for more information, see the `Athena Widgets` manual and `xrdb(1)`).

ctwm startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifications: `Variables`, `Bindings`, `Menus`. The `Variables` section must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The `Bindings` section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The `Menus` section gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).

Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. “blue”) and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

## 6. M4 PREPROCESSING

ctwm can use `m4(1)` to pre-process its setup files. The availability of the m4 preprocessing is dependent on the build option `USE_M4` (on by default), and can be selectively disabled with the `--nom4` command-line argument.

When ctwm starts up, it opens a file for input as described above. But, it processes that file through `m4` before parsing it. So, you can use m4 macros to perform operations at runtime. This makes it very easy to work when you use many different displays, with different characteristics. For example, If you want to set the lower right section of the screen to be your `IconRegion`, (see below for details on the `IconRegion` variable) you can use m4 directives and pre-defined symbols to calculate the region you want. For example:

    define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0, *, x))
    IconRegion  "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25

will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the screen. The above makes use of symbols that are predefined for m4 by ctwm. The symbols WIDTH and HEIGHT are among those calculated by ctwm and written into a temporary file for `m4` to use.

You may well find that if you research the `m4(1)` manual well, and understand the power of m4, this will be a very useful and powerful tool. But, if you use any of the symbols which are predefined by m4, you are in severe danger! For example, the Sun `m4` predefines shift, so if you use that name in your `.ctwmrc`, you are out of luck.

The following symbols are predefined by ctwm:

### 6.1. Hostnames

SERVERHOST

  This variable is set to the name of the machine that is running the X server.

CLIENTHOST

  The machine that is running the clients. (ie, ctwm)

HOSTNAME

  As of 4.0.2, this is a duplicate of `CLIENTHOST`. In prior versions, `gethostbyname()` was used to attempt to derive a canonical or fully-qualified version of the hostname.

### 6.2. User Info

USER

  The name of the user running the program. Value taken from environmental variables `$USER` and `$LOGNAME`, or from the passwd lookup for your uid if they don’t exist. Falls back to “unknown” if all methods fail.

HOME

  The user’s home directory. Gotten from the environment var `$HOME`.

### 6.3. ctwm info

TWM_TYPE

  Tells which `twm` offshoot is running. It will always be set to the string “ctwm” in this program. This is useful for protecting parts of your `.twmrc` file that twm proper won’t understand (like `WorkSpaces`) so that it is still usable with other `twm` programs.

TWM_VERSION

  Tells which ctwm version is running in the form of a floating point number.

CTWM_VERSION_MAJOR
CTWM_VERSION_MINOR
CTWM_VERSION_PATCH
CTWM_VERSION_ADDL

  Gives the ctwm version split out. e.g., for a version like "3.8.2-beta1", the `_MAJOR` will be "3", `_MINOR` "8", `_PATCH` "2", and `_ADDL` "-beta1". Final releases will generally have an empty `CTWM_VERSION_ADDL`; it’s mostly meaningful in dev and betas. For comparison, in this situation, TWM_VERSION will be "3.8.2".

  The `CTWM_VERSION_*` variables first appeared in 4.0.0.

### 6.4. X server info

VERSION

  The X major protocol version. As seen by ProtocolVersion(3).

REVISION

  The X minor protocol revision. As seen by ProtocolRevision(3).

VENDOR

  The vendor of your X server. For example: `MIT X Consortium`.

RELEASE

  The release number of your X server. For MIT X11R5, this is `5`.

### 6.5. Display info

WIDTH

  The width of your display in pixels.

HEIGHT

  The height of your display in pixels.

X_RESOLUTION

  The X resolution of your display in pixels per meter.

Y_RESOLUTION

  The Y resolution of your display in pixels per meter.

PLANES

  The number of bit planes your display supports in the default root window.

BITS_PER_RGB

  The number of significant bits in an RGB color. (log base 2 of the number of distinct colors that can be created. This is often different from the number of colors that can be displayed at once.)

CLASS

  Your visual class. Will return one of `StaticGray`, `GrayScale`, `StaticColor`, `PseudoColor`, `TrueColor`, `DirectColor`, or, if it cannot determine what you have, `NonStandard`.

COLOR

  This will be either “Yes” or “No”. This is just a wrapper around the above definition. Returns “Yes” on `*Color`, and “No” on `StaticGray` and `GrayScale`.

### 6.6. ctwm compile-time options

XPM

  Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with XPM support.

PIXMAP_DIRECTORY

  The directory where the ctwm pictures are installed.

JPEG

  Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with JPEG support.

SOUNDS

  Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with SOUND support.

EWMH

  Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with EWMH support. First appeared in 4.0.0.

I18N

  Is defined if ctwm was compiled with I18N support. This is no longer optional since 3.8 and is always compiled in. The definition will be removed in a future version.

### 6.7. Obsolete options

GNOME

  Defined when ctwm was compiled with GNOME1 support. Removed after 3.8.2.

TWM_CAPTIVE

  This was either “Yes” or “No”. “Yes” if the current ctwm is captive (flag -w), “No” in the other case. Removed in 4.1.0.

TWM_CAPTIVE_NAME

  Defined only if TWM_CAPTIVE is also defined. Contains the name of the captive ctwm (flag --name). Removed in 4.1.0.

## 7. VARIABLES

Many of the aspects of ctwm’s user interface are controlled by variables that may be set in the user’s startup file. Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.

Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a newline. For example:

    AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

or

    AutoRaise
    {
        "emacs"
        "XTerm"
        "Xmh"
    }

When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the window’s name (given by various window properties, such as `WM_NAME`), resource name or class name (both given by the `WM_CLASS` window property). The preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named “emacs” as well as any `xterm` (since they are of class “XTerm”) or xmh windows (which are of class “Xmh”).

String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the `Pixmaps`, `Cursors`, and `IconDirectory` below) will prepend the user’s directory (specified by the `HOME` environment variable) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the default titlebars symbols: `:xlogo` or `:iconify` (both refer to the X used for the iconify button), `:resize` (the nested squares used by the resize button), and `:question` (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).

The following variables may be specified at the top of a ctwm startup file. Lists of window name prefix strings are indicated by `win-list`. Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:

AlwaysOnTop { `win-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the list is defaulted) that ctwm will try its best to maintain on top of others. This doesn’t work in all case.

AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager

  When `ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager` is present and the user is moving a window from the WorkSpaceMap, ctwm display the actual window only if it crosses the current active workspace. If `AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager` is present, the actual window is always visible during the move, regardless of whether it crosses the current workspace or not. The Shift key toggles this behaviour.

AlwaysSqueezeToGravity [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that ctwm should obey window gravity when squeezing a window even when the window has a titlebar. Normally, ctwm will always squeeze a window that has a titlebar toward the north. The optional `win-list` may be used to control which windows this applies on.

AnimationSpeed `speed`

  The `speed` argument is a non-negative integer. It determines the number of times a second animations (if any) are updated. If `speed` is 0, animations are freezed. The default value is 0.

AutoFocusToTransients

  Transient windows get focus automatically when created. Useful with programs that have keyboard shortcuts that pop up windows.

AutoLower [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the list is defaulted) to be automatically lowered whenever the pointer leaves a window. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function `f.autolower`.

AutoOccupy

  This variable specifies that clients will automatically change their occupation when their name or icon name changes. The new occupation will be recalculated from the Occupy and OccupyAll fields in the `.ctwmrc` file.

AutoPopup [{ `win-list` }]

  This variables specifies a list of windows which will be deiconified whenever their name changes. Can be used for xconsole, for instance,which adds a "*" to its name whenever something gets displayed on the console, or for various mail readers who change their icons depending on the presence of unread mail.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

AutoPriority

  This variable specifies that ctwm should automatically recompute the priority of a window (and its associated icon) when its name changes. See also `OnTopPriority`.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

AutoRaise [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the list is defaulted) to be automatically raised whenever the pointer has come to rest in a window for the amount of time specified by the `RaiseDelay` variable. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function `f.autoraise`.

AutoRaiseIcons

  Icons are raised when the cursor enters it. Useful with ShrinkIconTitles.

AutoRelativeResize

  This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges. Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount. This allows the resizing of windows that extend off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, ctwm will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent accidents). This option is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes.

AutoSqueeze { `win-list` }

  These windows will be auto-squeezed (see f.squeeze). i.e. automatically unsqueezed when they get focus, and squeezed when they loose it. Useful for the workspace manager. Not authorized for icon managers.

BackingStore

  Enable usage of backing store on menus and workspace map windows. See also `NoBackingStore`. Added in 4.0.0; in previous versions this was the default.

BeNiceToColormap

  By defaults new colors are allocated for shadows when a 3D look is used, but when you specify `BeNiceToColormap` ctwm uses stipling instead of new colors, the effect is less beautiful, but acceptable. In this case ClearShadowContrast and DarkShadowContrast have no effects.

BorderBottom `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the bottom of the screen. All constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc…​) will consider this zone as offscreen. Default is 0.

BorderColor `string` [{ `wincolorlist` }]

  This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given within a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `wincolorlist` specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for different types of windows. For example:

      BorderColor "gray50"
      {
          "XTerm" "red"
          "xmh"   "green"
      }

  The default is “black”.

BorderLeft `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the left of the screen. All constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc…​) will consider this zone as offscreen. Default is 0.

BorderResizeCursors

  This variable specifies that ctwm should use resizing cursors when the pointer is on the window border. To be used preferably when you have bound a button to f.resize in the frame context.

BorderRight `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the right of the screen. All constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc…​) will consider this zone as offscreen. Default is 0.

BorderShadowDepth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D window borders, when UseThreeDBorders is selected.

BorderTileBackground `string` [{ `wincolorlist` }]

  This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if `NoHighlight` hasn’t been set), and may only be given within a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `wincolorlist` allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is “white”.

BorderTileForeground `string` [{ `wincolorlist` }]

  This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if `NoHighlight` hasn’t been set), and may only be given within a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `wincolorlist` allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is “black”.

BorderTop `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the top of the screen. All constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc…​) will consider this zone as offscreen. Default is 0.

BorderWidth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window frames if `ClientBorderWidth` has not been specified. This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by ctwm (such as the icon manager). The default is 2.

ButtonIndent `pixels`

  This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Positive values cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they stand out. Setting this and the `TitleButtonBorderWidth` variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1 if `UseThreeDTitles` is not set, 0 if it is set.

CenterFeedbackWindow

  The moving and resizing information window is centered in the middle of the screen instead of the top left corner.

ClearShadowContrast `contrast`

  Indicates to ctwm how to calculate the clear shadow color for 3D items. The value is a comprised between 0 and 100. The formula used is :

          clear.{RGB} = (65535 - color.{RGB}) * (contrast / 100).

  Has no effect if `BeNiceToColormap` is active.

ClickToFocus

  Focus windows by clicking on them, rather than merely mousing over them.

ClientBorderWidth

  This variable indicates that border width of a window’s frame should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value of `BorderWidth`. If `Use3DBorders` is set this variable is automatically unset.

Color { `colors-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is capable of displaying more than simple black and white. The `colors-list` is made up of the following color variables and their values: `DefaultBackground`, `DefaultForeground`, `MenuBackground`, `MenuForeground`, `MenuTitleBackground`, `MenuTitleForeground`, and `MenuShadowColor`. The following color variables may also be given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see `BorderColor` for details): `BorderColor`, `IconManagerHighlight`, `BorderTileBackground`, `BorderTileForeground`, `TitleBackground`, `TitleForeground`, `IconBackground`, `IconForeground`, `IconBorderColor`, `IconManagerBackground`, and `IconManagerForeground`. For example:

      Color
      {
          MenuBackground      "gray50"
          MenuForeground      "blue"
          BorderColor         "red"    { "XTerm" "yellow" }
          TitleForeground     "yellow"
          TitleBackground     "blue"
      }

  All of these color variables may also be specified for the `Monochrome` variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both color and monochrome displays.

ConstrainedMoveTime `milliseconds`

  This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking `f.move` or other similar moving functions will cause the window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.

  Note that this also affects double clicking in `f.raiseorsqueeze`, and potentially other places that need to track double clicks. It should probably be renamed.

Cursors { `cursor-list` }

  This variable specifies the glyphs that ctwm should use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined either from the `cursor` font or from two bitmap files. Shapes from the `cursor` font may be specified directly as:

          cursorname "string"

  where `cursorname` is one of the cursor names listed below, and `string` is the name of a glyph as found in the file <X11/cursorfont.h> (without the “XC_” prefix). If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead:

          cursorname "image" "mask"

  The `image` and `mask` strings specify the names of files containing the glyph image and mask in `bitmap(1)` form. The bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files. The following example shows the default cursor definitions:

      Cursors
      {
          Frame       "top_left_arrow"
          Title       "top_left_arrow"
          Icon        "top_left_arrow"
          IconMgr     "top_left_arrow"
          Move        "fleur"
          Resize      "fleur"
          Menu        "sb_left_arrow"
          Button      "hand2"
          Wait        "watch"
          Select      "dot"
          Destroy     "pirate"
      }

DarkShadowContrast `contrast`

  Indicates to ctwm how to calculate the dark shadow color for 3D items. The value is a comprised between 0 and 100. The formula used is :

          dark.{RGB}  = color.{RGB} * ((100 - contrast) / 100),

  Has no effect if `BeNiceToColormap` is active.

DecorateTransients

  This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a `WM_TRANSIENT_FOR` property) should have titlebars. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

DefaultBackground `string`

  This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is “white”.

DefaultForeground `string`

  This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is “black”.

DontIconifyByUnmapping { `win-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconified by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if `IconifyByUnmapping` had been set). This is frequently used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager.

DontMoveOff

  This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be overridden by the `f.forcemove` function.

DontNameDecorations

  Disable setting `WM_NAME` properties on the various decoration windows ctwm puts around the windows it manages. These are handy to keep track of what’s what when poking through the list of windows on the screen, but can confuse some tools that don’t expect to find them there (xwit is known to be one of them). First appeared in 4.0.2.

DontPaintRootWindow

  This variable tells ctwm not to paint the root window, whatever you told in the Workspaces specification. This is useful to have pixmaps in the Workspace Map but not on the root window.

DontSave { `win-list` }

  These windows won’t have their characteristics saved for the session manager.

DontSetInactive { `win-list` }

  These windows won’t be set to InactiveState when they become invisible due to a change workspace. This has been added because some ill-behaved clients (Frame5) don’t like this.

DontShowWelcomeWindow

  Indicates the same as the `-W` option: the welcome window is not shown.

DontSqueezeTitle [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size as described under `SqueezeTitle` below. If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be prevented from being squeezed.

DontToggleWorkSpaceManagerState

  Turns off the feature toggling the workspace manager state to/from map/button state when you press ctrl and the workspace manager window is in focus.

DontWarpCursorInWMap

  Tells ctwm not to warp the cursor to the corresponding actual window when you click in a small window in the workspace map.

EWMHIgnore { `message-types` }

  Sets EWMH message types that ctwm will ignore. This is only valid if built with `USE_EWMH` (currently on by default). The following example shows all the valid options:

      EWMHIgnore
      {
          # Window states
          "STATE_MAXIMIZED_VERT"
          "STATE_MAXIMIZED_HORZ"
          "STATE_FULLSCREEN"
          "STATE_SHADED"
          "STATE_ABOVE"
          "STATE_BELOW"
      }

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

ForceFocus [{ `win-list` }]

  Give focus to windows whether they asked for it or not. This may occasionally be useful with windows that tell us not to give them focus, but still need it and fail to work right without us doing so. The optional window list allows specifying which windows will get such treatment.

  First appeared in 4.0.0. In prior versions, a variant of this functionality was unconditionally enabled.

ForceIcons

  This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the `Icons` variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.

FramePadding `pixels`

  This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels if `UseThreeDTitles` is not set, 0 if it is set.

GrabServer

  Specifies that ctwm should grab the X server (blocking all events other than ours) when popping up menus and moving opaque windows. See also `NoGrabServer`. Added in 4.0.0; in previous versions this was the default.

IconBackground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “white”.

IconBorderColor `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “black”.

IconBorderWidth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows. The default is 2.

IconDirectory `string`

  This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the `bitmapFilePath` resource.

IconFont `string`

  This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons. The default is “variable”.

IconForeground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icons, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “black”.

IconifyByUnmapping [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user is will remap the window through the icon manager, the `f.warpto` function, or the `TwmWindows` menu. If the optional `win-list` is provided, only those windows will be iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the `IconManagerDontShow` options set may not be accessible if no binding to the `TwmWindows` menu is set in the user’s startup file.

IconifyStyle `string`

  Where string is either `"normal"`, `"mosaic"`, `"zoomin"`, `"zoomout"` or `"sweep"`. Tells ctwm to use some fancy graphical effects when iconifying windows.

IconJustification `string`

  Where string is either `"left"`, `"center"` or `"right"`. Tells ctwm how to justify the icon image against the icon title (if any).

IconManagerBackground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “white”.

IconManagerDontShow [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any windows. If the optional `win-list` is given, only those windows will not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as `xclock` or `xload`) from taking up space in the icon manager.

IconManagerFont `string`

  This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager entries. The default is “variable”.

IconManagerForeground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “black”.

IconManagerGeometry `string` [ `columns` ]

  This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The `string` argument is standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into `columns` pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows. The default number of columns is 1. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:`. This name is ignored when XrandR is not available.

IconManagerHighlight `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the `BorderColor` variable for a complete description of the `win-list`. The default is “black”.

IconManagers { `iconmgr-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the `iconmgr-list` has the following format:

          "winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns

  where `winname` is the name of the windows that should be put into this icon manager, `iconname` is the name of that icon manager window’s icon, `geometry` is a standard geometry specification, and `columns` is the number of columns in this icon manager as described in `IconManagerGeometry`. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:`. This name is ignored when XrandR is not available. For example:

      IconManagers
      {
          "XTerm"  "=300x5+800+5"       5
          "myhost" "HDMI2:400x5+100+5"  2
      }

  Clients whose name or class is “XTerm” will have an entry created in the “XTerm” icon manager. Clients whose name was “myhost” would be put into the “myhost” icon manager.

IconManagerShadowDepth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D IconManager entries, when UseThreeDIconManagers is selected.

IconManagerShow { `win-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager. When used in conjunction with the `IconManagerDontShow` variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon manager.

IconMenuDontShow { `win-list` }

  Don’t show the name of these windows in the TwmIcons menu.

IconRegion `geomstring` `vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight` [`iconjust`] [`iconregjust`] [`iconregalign`] [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by the client. The `geomstring` is a quoted string containing a standard geometry specification. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:`. This name is ignored when XrandR is not available. If more than one `IconRegion` lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The `vgrav` argument should be either `North` or `South` and is used to control whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the icon region. Similarly, the `hgrav` argument should be either `East` or `West` and is used to control whether icons should be filled in from left or from the right. Icons are laid out within the region in a grid with cells `gridwidth` pixels wide and `gridheight` pixels high. The optional win-list argument tells ctwm that if such a window is iconified, and there is enough room in this icon region for its icon, then place it here. The optional `iconjust`, `iconregjust` and `iconregalign` can be used to give specific values of IconJustification, IconRegionJustification and IconRegionAlignement for this IconRegion.

IconRegionAlignement `string`

  Where string is either `"top"`, `"center"` `"bottom"` or `"border"`. Tells ctwm how to align icons inside their place in the IconRegion. If “border” is given, the justification will be “top” if the icon region gravity is “north” and “bottom” if the icon region gravity is “south”.

IconRegionJustification `string`

  Where string is either `"left"`, `"center"` `"right"` or `"border"`. Tells ctwm how to justify icons inside their place in the IconRegion. If “border” is given, the justification will be “left” if the icon region gravity is “west” and “right” if the icon region gravity is “east”.

Icons { `win-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons. For example:

      Icons
      {
          "XTerm"  "xterm.icon"
          "xfd"    "xfd_icon"
      }

  Windows that match “XTerm” and would not be iconified by unmapping, would try to use the icon bitmap in the file “xterm.icon”.If `ForceIcons` is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.

IconSize `string`

  (Only if built with `USE_EWMH`) string is of the form "`<width>x<height>`" or "`size`" for a square size. This indicates the preferred size of icons selected from the EWMH window property `_NET_WM_ICON`. If an icon with the exact size is not available, one with the nearest (area) size will be chosen.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection

  Used when moving the pointer inside a menu with the keyboard. When you type a letter, the pointer goes to the next entry beginning with this letter. If IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection is present, this selection ignores the case of this first letter.

IgnoreLockModifier

  If present, all bindings (buttons and keys) will ignore the LockMask. Useful if you often use caps lock, and don’t want to define twice all your bindings.

IgnoreModifier

  All bindings (buttons and keys) will ignore the modifiers you specified. It is useful when you use caps locks or num locks. You don’t need IgnoreLockModifier any more with this option.

      IgnoreModifier { lock m2 }

IgnoreTransient

  List of windows for which to ignore transients.

      IgnoreTransient { "Wine" }

InterpolateMenuColors

  This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified colors. In the example below:

      Menu "mymenu"
      {
          "Title"     ("black":"red")     f.title
          "entry1"                        f.nop
          "entry2"                        f.nop
          "entry3"    ("white":"green")   f.nop
          "entry4"                        f.nop
          "entry5"    ("red":"white")     f.nop
      }

  the foreground colors for “entry1” and “entry2” will be interpolated between black and white, and the background colors between red and green. Similarly, the foreground for “entry4” will be half-way between white and red, and the background will be half-way between green and white.

MakeTitle { `win-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed and is used to request titles on specific windows when `NoTitle` has been set.

MapWindowBackground color [{ win-list }]

  This variable specifies the background colors to use for small windows in the workspace map window and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBackground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.

MapWindowCurrentWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap] }

  Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the current workspace.

MapWindowDefaultWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap] }

  Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the workspaces other than the current workspace when no root background information has been provided to ctwm in the WorkSpace command. Not used in others cases.

MapWindowForeground color [{ win-list }]

  This variable specifies the foreground colors to use for small windows in the workspace map window and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBackground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.

MaxIconTitleWidth `width`

  The integer argument tells ctwm the maximun width to use for an icon title. If an icon title is larger than `width`, it is truncated.

MaxWindowSize `string`

  This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default is “30000x30000”.

MenuBackground `string`

  This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The default is “white”.

MenuFont `string`

  This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus. The default is “variable”.

MenuForeground `string`

  This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The default is “black”.

MenuShadowColor `string`

  This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The default is “black”.

MenuShadowDepth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D menus, when UseThreeDMenus is selected.

MenuTitleBackground `string`

  This variable specifies the background color for `f.title` entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The default is “white”.

MenuTitleForeground `string`

  This variable specifies the foreground color for `f.title` entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The default is “black”.

MonitorLayout { `monitor-list` }

  This allows manually configuring what ctwm will consider as the list of monitors. If `XRANDR` support is compiled in (the default as of 4.1.0), and the `RANDR` extension is available on your server, then `ctwm` will use that to determine the size and layout of your monitors.

  However, if either is not the case, or you want to override the results it returns, you can specify the names and layouts of your desired “monitors” with this. For instance, if you have a very wide monitor, and would prefer to treat it as several narrower side-by-side monitors, you could use this to tell ctwm to treat it that way.

      MonitorLayout
      {
          # Imagine a 5000x1000 monitor, that we want to split into two 2k wide
          # sections at the far left and right, with a 1k wide section in the
          # middle.
          "Left:2000x1000+0+0"
          "1000x1000+2000+0"       # Middle section unnamed
          "Right:2000x1000+3000+0"
      }

  With `m4` support, you could even make it automatically split your full display into 2 “monitors”:

      define(LeftWidth, eval(WIDTH / 2))dnl
      define(RightWidth, eval(WIDTH - LeftWidth))dnl
      MonitorLayout
      {
          "`AutoL:'LeftWidth`x'HEIGHT`+0+0'"
          "`AutoR:'RightWidth`x'HEIGHT`+'LeftWidth`+0'"
      }

Monochrome { `colors` }

  This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of `Color`.

MoveDelta `pixels`

  This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move before the `f.move` function starts working. Also see the `f.deltastop` function. The default is zero pixels.

MovePackResistance `pixels`

  This variable specifies the number of pixels of the movepack and movepush resistance. See `f.movepack` and `f.movepush`.

MoveOffResistance `pixels`

  This variable specifies the number of pixels of the moveoff resistance. If `pixels` is positive, `DontMoveOff` will only prevent you from going off the edge if you’re within n pixels off the edge. If you go further, `DontMoveOff` gives up and lets you go as far as you wish. `f.forcemove` still allows you to totally ignore `DontMoveOff`. A negative value puts you back into “never moveoff” mode (it’s the default).

MWMIgnore

  Sets Motif window manager hints ctwm will ignore. The following example shows all the valid options:

      MWMIgnore
      {
          # en/disable window borders
          "DECOR_BORDER"

          # en/disable titlebars
          "DECOR_TITLE"
      }

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

NoBackingStore

  This variable indicates that ctwm’s menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store. See also `BackingStore`. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

NoBorder { `win-list` }

  These windows won’t have borders. If you want no borders on all windows, use the BorderWidth keyword.

NoCaseSensitive

  This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names in an icon manager. This option is typically used with applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon name.

NoDecorateTransients

  Specify that transient windows (i.e., windows with a `WM_TRANSIENT_FOR` property set) should be ignored (not given decorations) by ctwm. See also `DecorateTransients`. Added in 4.0.0; in previous versions this was the default.

NoDefaults

  This variable indicates that ctwm should not supply the default titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used if the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions.

NoGrabServer

  This variable indicates that ctwm should not grab the server when popping up menus and moving opaque windows. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

NoHighlight [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track the location of the pointer. If the optional `win-list` is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those windows. When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current `BorderColor`. When the border is not highlighted, it will be stippled with an gray pattern using the current `BorderTileForeground` and `BorderTileBackground` colors.

NoIconTitle [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that icons should not display the icon name of the client. If the optional `win-list` is given, only those clients will not have icon titles.

NoIconManagerFocus

  This variable indicates that ctwm will not set the focus on the corresponding window when the pointer is in an IconManager.

NoIconManagers

  This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.

NoImagesInWorkSpaceManager

  This variable turns off displaying of background images in the WorkSpaceMap. Instead only the colors defined in `WorkSpaces` will be used as background in the WorkSpaceMap.

NoMenuShadows

  This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically used with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly harder to read.

NoOpaqueMove [{ `window-list` }]

  The counterpart of `OpaqueMove`. See `OpaqueMove`.

NoOpaqueResize [{ `window-list` }]

  The counterpart of `OpaqueResize`. See `OpaqueResize`.

NoRaiseOnDeiconify

  This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised.

NoRaiseOnMove

  This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other.

NoRaiseOnResize

  This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized. This is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other.

NoRaiseOnWarp

  This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer is warped into them with the `f.warpto` function. If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer ending up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior with `f.warpring`).

NoRestartPreviousState

  Don’t attempt to regenerate the state the screen was in before the previous window manager was shut down. See `RestartPreviousState` for details. Added in 4.0.0; in previous versions this was the default.

NoSaveUnders

  This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection. It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster than they can handle save-unders.

NoShowOccupyAll

  This variable specifies that OccupyAll windows won’t be displayed in the WorkSpaceMap window.

NoSortIconManager

  Specifies that entries in the icon manager should be appended in the order they show up. See also `SortIconManager`. Added in 4.0.0; in previous versions this was the default.

NoStackMode [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that client window requests to change stacking order should be ignored. If the optional `win-list` is given, only requests on those windows will be ignored. This is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the window stack.

NoTitle [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the optional `win-list` is given, only those windows will not have titlebars. `MakeTitle` may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows.

NoTitleFocus

  This variable indicates that ctwm should not set keyboard input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally, ctwm sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon managers are delivered to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly and ctwm is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old window instead of the new. This option is typically used to prevent this “input lag” and to work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events.

NoTitleHighlight [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the optional `win-list` is given, only those windows will not have highlight areas. This and the `SqueezeTitle` options can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars.

NoWarpToMenuTitle

  This variable indicates that the cursor should not be warped to the title of a menu which does not have room to drop down below the current cursor position.

Occupy { `occupy-list` }

  This variable specifies which windows occupy which workspaces at startup.

  `occupy-list` consists of entries of the form :

              [Window]   win-name  { wspc1 wspc2 ... }
      or      Workspace  wspc-name { win1  win2 ...  }

  Example :

      Occupy
      {
                     "xload"   {"all"}
          Window     "xterm"   {"here" "there" "elsewhere"}
                     "xv"      {"images"}
          WorkSpace  "images"  {"xloadimage"}
      }

  If `all` is given for the workspace name (in either form), the named window[s] will be put in all workspaces as if they were listed in `OccupyAll`. If the workspace name begins with `ws:`, the workspace name will be looked up without the prefix first. That is, if the given name is `ws:abc`, it will first look for a workspace called `abc`, and assign to that if found. Else it will fall back to looking for the name `ws:abc`.

  Note : The Occupy declaration should come after the WorkSpaces declaration.

OccupyAll { `window-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of windows that will occupy all workspaces at startup.

  `window-list` is a list of window names.

  Example :

      OccupyAll
      {
          "xload"
          "xbiff"
          "xconsole"
      }

  Note : The OccupyAll declaration should come after the WorkSpaces declaration.

OnTopPriority [Icons] `priority` [ { `win-list` } ]

  ctwm allows you to put windows in several overlapping priority planes going from -8 to +8, which makes it possible to have windows that stay on top or that are kept in the background. If `win-list` is present, it specifies which windows should be put in the `priority` plane. Else the `priority` sets the default value to use (the default default is 0). The `Icons` parameter, if present, indicates that the preference described applies to icons rather than to windows.

  Example:

      OnTopPriority Icons -1  # place icons a little in the background
      OnTopPriority Icons 1   # place mail icons on top of normal windows
      {
          "Exmh"
          "xbiff"
      }

      OnTopPriority 8         # keep these always on top of other windows
      {
          "Emacs Icon Manager" "WorkSpaceManager"
          "TWM Icon Manager" "XDaliClock"
      }

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

OpaqueMove [{ `window-list` }]

  This variable indicates that the `f.move` function should actually move the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately see what the window will look like in the new position. This option is typically used on fast displays (particularly if `NoGrabServer` is set). The optional window list parameter indicates that only windows in this list should actually be moved in opaque mode. The `NoOpaqueMove` counterpart is also available.

  As of 4.0.0 this is enabled by default.

OpaqueMoveThreshold `threshold`

  The integer parameter is a percentage and indicates that only windows (elligible for opaque moving) with a surface smaller than this percentage of the surface of the screen should actually be moved in opaque mode. The default is 200. Since 4.0.0, values >= 200 are treated as infinity, causing windows to always `OpaqueMove` if eligible.

OpaqueResize [{ `window-list` }]

  The opaque version of resize. Extremely resource intensive, but beautiful with fast server/client/network. See `OpaqueMove`. The `NoOpaqueResize` counterpart is also available. As of 4.0.0 this is enabled by default.

OpaqueResizeThreshold `threshold`

  The resize version of `OpaqueMoveThreshold`. The default is 1000. Since 3.8.1, values >= 1000 are treated as infinity, causing windows to always `OpaqueResize` if eligible.

OpenWindowTimeout `seconds`

  seconds is an integer representing a number of second. When a window tries to open on an unattended display, it will be automatically mapped after this number of seconds.

PackNewWindows

  Use f.movepack algorithm instead of f.move when opening a new window.

Pixmaps { `pixmaps` }

  This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps may be specified:

      Pixmaps
      {
              TitleHighlight  "gray1"
      #       TitleHighlight  "supman%.xbm"
      }

  The default for `TitleHighlight` is to use an even stipple pattern.

PixmapDirectory `path`

  This variable specifies the path where ctwm looks to find non-X11 bitmap files. Whenever you want to use a image file that is not an X11 bitmap, specify : `xpm:filename` for xpm files, `xwd:filename` for xwd files, `jpeg:file` for jpeg file, or `|command` for an on the fly generated xwd file. Use the % character to specify an animation. `path` can be a colon separated list of directories. Example :

      PixmapDirectory  "/usr/lib/X11/twm"
      Icons
      {
          "Axe"    "xpm:edit.xpm"
          "xterm"  "xpm:ball%.xpm"
      }

  N.B This is only valid if your version of ctwm has been compiled with the right extension (XPM or JPEG).

PrioritySwitching [Icons] { `win-list` }

  Specifies that the windows in `win-list` can switch priority. This means that they can be in plane `priority` or `-priority` depending on the situation. For instance a window whose `priority` is 2 will be put into plane 2 when raised and plane -2 when lowered, which means that it will usually stay on top if you raise another window, but can still be lowered if its priority is temporarily too high for your liking. If `Icons` is specified, it means that the preference applies to icons rather than windows. See also the `f.priorityswitching` function for dynamically adding/removing windows at runtime.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

PriorityNotSwitching [Icons] { `win-list` }

  As above except that it declares that the default should be for windows to be able to switch priority except for the windows in `win-list` which can’t.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

RaiseDelay `milliseconds`

  For windows that are to be automatically raised when the pointer enters (see the `AutoRaise` variable and the `f.autoraise` function) this variable specifies the length of time the pointer should rest in the window before it is raised. The default is 0 milliseconds.

RaiseOnClick

  If present a window will be raised on top of others when clicked on, and the ButtonPress event will be correctly forwarded to the client that owns this window (if it asked to). See `RaiseOnClickButton`.

RaiseOnClickButton `button_number`

  Where `button_number` is a valid button number (currently 1 to 11). Specify the button to use for RaiseOnClick.

RaiseWhenAutoUnSqueeze

  Windows are raised when auto-unsqueezed (See AutoSqueeze).

RandomPlacement [ `string1` [ `string2` ]]

  This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the user drag out an outline. If no argument is given, it is interpreted as `RandomPlacement "on"`.

  `string1` may be “on”, “off”, “all” or “unmapped”, and `string2` is a displacement for the pseudo-randomly placed window compared to the previous one. The argument “on” or “all” are equivalent, and tell ctwm to do this for all such windows, “off”, not to do this, and “unmapped”, only for unmapped windows, e.g. iconified or not visible in the current workspace. If the second argument isn’t given, the displacement +30+30 (30 pixels right and down) is used.

  As of 4.0.0, “on” is the default if no `RandomPlacement` is specified in the config. Previously “off” was default.

ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager

  This keyword tells ctwm to move the actual window when the user is moving the small windows in the WorkSpaceMap window. If not present the WorkSpaceMap can be used only to modify the occupation of a window. Pressing the `shift` key while dragging a window in the workspace manager temporarily toggles this option.

ResizeFont `string`

  This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when resizing windows. The default is “fixed”.

RestartPreviousState

  This variable indicates that properties on client windows to attempt to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window manager was shutdown. This includes using the `WM_STATE` property to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left visible, and the `WM_OCCUPATION` property to determine in which workspaces a window should be visible. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

ReverseCurrentWorkspace

  This variable tells ctwm to reverse the background and foreground colors in the small windows in the workspace map for the current workspace.

RplaySoundHost `string`

  The host on which sounds should be played. Only meaningful when ctwm is built with `USE_SOUND`; will give a warning otherwise. See the SOUNDS section. Added in 4.0.0; prior versions used the `SoundHost` parameter instead.

RplaySounds { `sounds-list` }

  Define what sounds to play on various events through rplayd. It contains entries of the form

          "EventName"   "/file/to/play.wav"

  Only meaningful when ctwm is built with `USE_SOUND`; it will give a warning otherwise. See the SOUNDS section. Note that if this section is given in the ctwmrc, the `~/.ctwm-sounds` file will not be parsed. First appeared in 4.0.0.

SaveColor { `colors-list` }

  This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may elect to preserve these values when installing their own colormap. Note that use of this mechanism is a way for an application to avoid the “technicolor” problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window borders and titlebars disappear when a program’s custom colors are installed by the window manager. For example:

      SaveColor
      {
          BorderColor
          TitleBackground
          TitleForeground
          "red"
          "green"
          "blue"
      }

  This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken from the default colormap.

ShrinkIconTitles

  A la Motif shrinking of icon titles, and expansion when mouse is inside icon. The old incorrect spelling `SchrinkIconTitles` is also still accepted.

ShortAllWindowsMenus

  Don’t show WorkSpaceManager and IconManagers in the TwmWindows and TwmAllWindows menus.

ShowIconManager

  This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when ctwm is started. It can always be brought up using the `f.showiconmgr` function.

ShowWorkSpaceManager

  This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be visible.

SloppyFocus

  Use sloppy focus.

SaveWorkspaceFocus

  When changing to a workspace, restore the focus to the last window that had the focus when you left the workspace by warping the mouse into it. This essentially saves the focus window with the workspace and restores it automatically when you switch. In many cases, it avoids having to reach for the mouse after moving to a new workspace.

SortIconManager

  This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows to the end. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

SoundHost `string`

  Alias for `RplaySoundHost`, used in versions prior to 4.0.0. Unless you need backward compatibility with them, use `RplaySoundHost` instead. This alias will be removed in a future version.

SqueezeTitle [{ `squeeze-list` }]

  This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the window. The optional `squeeze-list` may be used to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window. It contains entries of the form:

          "name"  justification num denom

  where `name` is a window name, `justification` is either `left`, `center`, or `right`, and `num` and `denom` are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar is justified. The ratio is measured from left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative. A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be interpreted as pixels. For compatibility, the pixel-position 0/0 is the relative middle of the window (1/2) for `center` and the relative right side of the window (2/2) for `right`, but this use is not recommended. Use "right 2 2" for relative positioning, or "right -1 0" for absolute; this makes a difference when dragging the titlebar (see `f.movetitlebar`). For example:

      SqueezeTitle
      {
          "XTerm"   left    0  0
          "xterm1"  left    1  3
          "xterm2"  left    2  3
          "oclock"  center  1  2
          "emacs"   right   2  2
      }

  The default positioning is left-justified, absolute at 0 pixels. The `DontSqueezeTitle` list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain titles.

StartIconified { `win-list` }

  This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user. If the optional `win-list` is given, only those windows will be started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not support an `-iconic` command line option or resource.

StartInButtonState

  Start the WorkSpaceManage in button form. See also `StartInMapState`. Added in 4.0.0.

StartInMapState

  This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be started in its map form when created. See also `StartInButtonState`. As of 4.0.0 this is the default.

StartSqueezed { `win-list` }

  These windows will first show up squeezed (see f.squeeze).

StayUpMenus

  Tells ctwm to use stayup menus. These menus will stay on the screen when ButtonUp, if either the menu has not yet been entered by the pointer, or the current item is a f.title.

StrictWinNameEncoding

  Whether to be strict about what encodings we accept for window naming properties. Added in 4.0.2.

  This is used when translating properties relating to naming windows, like `WM_NAME`. For example, according to the ICCCM, `WM_NAME` can only be a `STRING` or `COMPOUND_TEXT` type. However, sloppy programs like Chrome may set it to a `UTF8_STRING` instead. If this var is set, ctwm will reject that, as was standard behavior prior to 4.0.2.

SunkFocusWindowTitle

  This variable specifies that the title of the focus window (if exists) should be sunken instead of raised. Only valid if UseThreeDTitles is set.

ThreeDBorderWidth `pixels`

  The width of the 3D border in pixels, if any.

TitleBackground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is “white”.

TitleButtonBorderWidth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have a border. The default is 1 if `UseThreeDTitles` is not set, 0 if it is set.

TitleButtonShadowDepth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D title buttons, when UseThreeDTitles is selected.

TitleFont `string`

  This variable specifies the font used for displaying window names in titlebars. The default is “variable”.

TitleForeground `string` [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a `Color` or `Monochrome` list. The optional `win-list` is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is “black”.

TitleJustification `string`

  This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable values are : “left”, “center” and “right”. The window titles will be justified according to this in the title window.

TitlePadding `pixels`

  This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels if `UseThreeDTitles` is not set, 0 if it is set.

TitleShadowDepth `pixels`

  This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D titles, when UseThreeDTitles is selected.

TransientHasOccupation

  This variable specifies that transient-for and non-group leader windows can have their own occupation potentially different from their leader window. The default case is that these windows follow their leader, use this keyword if the default action doesn’t please you.

TransientOnTop `percentage`

  The parameter (required) is a percentage and tells ctwm to put transient (and non-group leader) windows always on top of their leader if and only if their surface is smaller than this fraction of the surface of their leader. The surface of a window is its width times its weight. The default is 30%. Added in 3.0.

UnknownIcon `string`

  This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the `Icons` list.

UnmapByMovingFarAway { `win-list` }

  These windows will be moved out of the screen instead of being unmapped when they become invisible due to a change workspace. This has been added because some ill-behaved clients (Frame5) don’t like to be unmapped.

UsePPosition `string`

  This variable specifies whether or not ctwm should honor program-requested locations (given by the `PPosition` flag in the `WM_NORMAL_HINTS` property) in the absence of a user-specified position. The argument `string` may have one of three values: `"off"` (the default) indicating that ctwm should ignore the program-supplied position, `"on"` indicating that the position should be used, and `"non-zero"` indicating that the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.

UseSunkTitlePixmap

  This makes it so the shadows are inversed for title pixmaps when focus is lost. This is similar to having the SunkFocusWindowTitle, but it makes your xbm or 3d XPM (if any) sink instead of just the whole bar.

UseThreeDBorders

  Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking window borders. The width ot the 3D borders is `ThreeDBorderWidth`. The color of the 3D border is `BorderTileBackground`, and if NoHighlight is not selected, the border of the Focus window is `BorderColor`. Setting this automatically unsets `ClientBorderWidth`.

UseThreeDIconManagers

  Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking IconManagers if any.

UseThreeDMenus

  Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking menus.

UseThreeDTitles

  Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking windows titles. In which case the default values of `TitleButtonBorderWidth`, `FramePadding`, `TitlePadding` and `ButtonIndent` are set to 0. There are plenty of built-in scalable pixmaps for buttons: `:xpm:menu`, `:xpm:dot`, `:xpm:cross`, `:xpm:bar`, `:xpm:vbar`, `:xpm:iconify`, `:xpm:resize`, `:xmp:sunkresize`, and `:xpm:box`. There are several built-in scalable animations for buttons: `%xpm:resize`, `%xpm:menu-up`, `%xpm:menu-down`, `%xpm:resize-out-top`, `%xpm:resize-in-top`, `%xpm:resize-out-bot`, `%xpm:resize-in-bot`, `%xpm:maze-out`, `%xpm:maze-in`, `%xpm:zoom-out`, `%xpm:zoom-in`, and `%xpm:zoom-inout`. Try them to see what they look like.

UseThreeDWMap

  Tells ctwm to use 3D for the small windows in the workspace map.

WarpCursor [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when they are deiconified. If the optional `win-list` is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified.

WarpOnDeIconify { `win-list` }

  When ctwm receives a request to map a window, it normally just deiconifies it, but if the window is in `win-list`, it will additionally bring it into the current workspace, if necessary. For example

      WarpOnDeIconify { "Emacs" }

  will make sure emacs windows will always popup in the current workspace when necessary (typically when the minibuffer or the Help frame is in another workspace).

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

WarpRingOnScreen

  Tells ctwm that f.warpring warps pointer only to windows visible in the current workspace.

WarpToDefaultMenuEntry

  (Useful only with StayUpMenus) When using StayUpMenus, and a menu does stays up, the pointer is warped to the default entry of the menu.

WarpUnmapped

  This variable indicates that that the `f.warpto` function should deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as `xmh`), no matter where it is. The default is for `f.warpto` to ignore iconified windows.

WindowGeometries { `win-list` }

  Used to give a default geometry to some clients. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:`. This name is ignored when XrandR is not available:

      WindowGeometries {
          "Mozilla*"       "1000x800+10+10"
          "jpilot*"        "HDMI1:800x600-0-0"
      }

WindowRegion `geomstring` `vgrav` `hgrav` { `win-list` }

  Similar to IconRegion, but for windows. Note that the `win-list` is not optional.

WindowRing [{ `win-list` }]

  This variable specifies a list of windows along which the `f.warpring` function cycles. If no argument is given, all the windows are in the ring.

WindowRingExclude [{ `win-list` }]

  All listed windows will be excluded from the WarpRing.

WMgrButtonShadowDepth `depth`

  Control the depth of the shadow of the workspace manager buttons.

WMgrButtonStyle `string`

  Sets the style of the workspace manager buttons (when in button rather than map state), as well as the buttons in the Occupy window. Available options are `normal` (the default 3d look), `style1`, `style2`, and `style3` (which are slightly different 2d looks).

WMgrHorizButtonIndent `nb_pixels`

  Specifies the horizontal space, in pixel, between the buttons of the workspace manager (in button mode).

WMgrVertButtonIndent `nb_pixels`

  Specifies the vertical space, in pixel, between the buttons of the workspace manager (in button mode).

WorkSpaceFont `string`

  This allows you to specify the font to use for the small windows in the workspace manager map. (Try `-adobe-times-*-r-*--10-*-*-*-*-*-*-*`).

WorkSpaceManagerGeometry `string` [ `columns` ]

  This variable specifies the geometry of the workspace manager window. The `string` argument is standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size of the workspace manager. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:`. This name is ignored when XrandR is not available. The `columns` argument indicates the number of columns to use for the workspace manager window.

      WorkSpaceManagerGeometry        "360x60+60-0" 8
      WorkSpaceManagerGeometry        "HDMI1:600x30+1235+0" 12

WorkSpaces { `workspace-list` }

  This variable specifies a list of workspaces that are created at startup, Where `workspace-list` is :

      name [{bg-button [fg-button] [bg-root] [fg-root] [pixmap-root]}]

  With:

  bg-button | background color of the corresponding button in the workspace manager.
  fg-button | foreground color of the corresponding button in the workspace manager.
  bg-root | background color of the corresponding root screen.
  fg-root | foreground color of the corresponding root screen.
  pixmap-root | pixmap to display on the corresponding root screen, either the name of a bitmap, `xpm:xpmfile`, `xwd:xwdfile`, `jpeg:jpgfile`, or `|command_that generates_xwd`.

  Example:

      WorkSpaces
      {
        "One"   {"#686B9F" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "jpeg:shark.jpg"}
        "Two"   {"#619AAE" "white" "firebrick"}
        "Three" {"#727786" "white" "MidnightBlue" "white" "xpm:ball%.xpm"}
        "Four"  {"#727786" "white" "white"        "white"
                                            "|(giftoppm | pnmtoxwd) < 2010.gif"}

        "Five"  {"#727786" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "plaid"}
        "Six"   {"#619AAE" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xpm:background1"}
        "Seven" {"#8C5b7A" "white" "chartreuse4"}
        "Eight" {"#686B9F" "white" "MidnightBlue"}
      }

  The WorkSpaces declaration should come before the Occupy or OccupyAll declarations. The maximum number of workspaces is 32.

  Each workspace also has a label, which is displayed in the WorkSpaceManager window when it is in button state. By moving the mouse cursor over a button and typing letters and/or backspace, you may edit the label. The name is unaffected. Functions that look up workspaces by name also look at the label.

XMoveGrid `number`

  This variable specifies the value to use to constrain window movement. When moving windows around, the x coordinate will always be a multiple of this variable. Default is 1. f.forcemove ignores this variable.

XorValue `number`

  This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will result in a variety of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or’ed with the contents of the user’s typical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By default, ctwm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.

YMoveGrid `number`

  This variable specifies the value to use to constrain window movement. When moving windows around, the y coordinate will always be a multiple of this variable. Default is 1. f.forcemove ignores this variable.

Zoom [ `count` ]

  This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified or deiconified. The optional `count` argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8.

The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or beginning of the bindings sections:

ChangeWorkspaceFunction `function`

  This variable specifies the function to be executed when the user change the current workspace (zap).

DefaultFunction `function`

  This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button event is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically bound to `f.nop`, `f.beep`, or a menu containing window operations.

DeIconifyFunction `function`

  This variable specifies the function to be executed when a window is deiconified.

IconifyFunction `function`

  This variable specifies the function to be executed when a window is iconified.

WindowFunction `function`

  This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is selected from the `TwmWindows` menu. If this variable is not set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

## 8. BINDINGS

After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached to titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button bindings may be given in any order.

### 8.1. Title buttons

Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:

    LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" = function

or

    LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" {
        Buttoni = modlist : function
        ...
        Buttonj = function
    }

or

    RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function

or

    RightTitleButton "bitmapname" {
        Buttoni = modlist : function
        ...
        Buttonj = function
    }

The `bitmapname` may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled to match `TitleFont`) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name described above.

The pointer button specifications come in two forms, with a modifier list or without. When the specification comes without a modifier list, it’s used for the case when no modifiers are used. In other words, the following two lines are equivalent:

        Buttoni = function

        Buttoni = : function

### 8.2. Key and pointer buttons

Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords `Button1`-`Button11`:

    "FP1"   = modlist : context : function
    Button1 = modlist : context : function

A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could use the following bindings:

    "F1"    =       : all : f.iconify
    "F2"    =       : all : f.raiselower
    "F3"    =       : all : f.warpring "next"
    "F4"    =       : all : f.warpto "xmh"
    "F5"    =       : all : f.warpto "emacs"
    "F6"    =       : all : f.colormap "next"
    "F7"    =       : all : f.colormap "default"
    "F20"   =       : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
    "Left"  = m     : all : f.backiconmgr
    "Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
    "Up"    = m     : all : f.upiconmgr
    "Down"  = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr

ctwm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the `NoDefaults` is specified), most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and button strokes. To do this, ctwm associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined functions for building higher level primitives and menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions.

### 8.3. Modifiers and Contexts

The `modlist` allows specifying different bindings for a button or key when modifiers are applied. The list of recognized modifier names (abbreviated) are `shift` (`s`), `control` (`c`), `lock` (`l`), `alter1` (`a1`), `alter2` (`a2`), `alter3` (`a3`), `alter4` (`a4`), `alter5` (`a5`), `meta` (`m`), `mod1` (`m1`), `mod2` (`m2`), `mod3` (`m3`), `mod4` (`m4`), and `mod5` (`m5`). Multiple modifiers may be applied to a single line by combining them with a vertical bar (`|`). For example:

    # Open the "top" menu with a Button1 (usually left mouse button) click in
    # the root window
    Button1 =        : root : f.menu "top"

    # Open the "top2" menu with shift-click
    Button1 =     s  : root : f.menu "top2"

    # And "top3" when control-shift-click
    Button1 = c | s  : root : f.menu "top3"

The `lock` modifier refers to CapsLock. `meta` is generally your Alt key. `mod1` is the same as `meta`. `mod2..5` can have various special meanings; try running `xmodmap -pm` to see how your X server is mapping things (the `xkeycaps` program may also be useful). The `alter1..5` modifiers refer to ctwm alternate keymaps; see the description of `f.altkeymap` below for details.

Note that if you’re using the `m4` preprocessor, most implementations define a `shift` macro internally, so using that as a modifier will silently fail to work right. To get around it, you’ll need to quote it so that `m4` passes it through as a literal string: ``shift'`.

The `context` lets you specify which mappings apply based on where the pointer currently is on the screen. The available options are `window` (`w`), `title` (`t`), `icon` (`i`), `root` (`r`), `frame` (`f`), `workspace` (no abbreviation), `iconmgr` (`m`), and `alter` (`a`). Like the modifiers above, they may be combined with a vertical bar, which allows you to bind an action in multiple contexts at once. Alternately, `all` can be given for the context to specify that the binding should happen everywhere. It’s equivalent to combining all the choices (except `alter`, which is special).

The `alter` context allows binding the function when in the alternate context; see the `f.altcontext` function below for details.

There is an additional possible magical value for `context`; if you provide a quoted string (e.g., `"MyXterm"`) for the context of a key (but not button) binding, then that binding will trigger the given function in window context to all windows matching that name. e.g.,

    # Pressing "F1" anywhere on the screen will cause all windows with name
    # "xterm" to raise themselves.
    "F1" = : "xterm" : f.raise

Beware that this can have odd side effects if multiple windows are matched, especially if the function can conflict one with the other (e.g., in the example above, if two "xterm" windows overlap each other).

### 8.4. Functions

The `function` in a binding is any of the `f.` keywords described below. For example, the default startup file contains the following bindings:

    Button1 =   : root          : f.menu "TwmWindows"
    Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
    Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
    Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
    Button1 =   : title         : f.function "move-or-raise"
    Button2 =   : title         : f.raiselower
    Button1 =   : icon          : f.function "move-or-iconify"
    Button2 =   : icon          : f.iconify
    Button1 =   : iconmgr       : f.iconify
    Button2 =   : iconmgr       : f.iconify

User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to `f.function` and a list of other functions to execute. For example:

    Function "move-or-lower"    { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
    Function "move-or-raise"    { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
    Function "move-or-iconify"  { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
    Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

The function name must be used in `f.function` exactly as it appears in the function specification.

In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be changed to the `Select` cursor and the next window to receive a button press will be chosen:

! `string`

  This is an abbreviation for `f.exec` `string`.

f.addtoworkspace `string`

  This function adds the selected window to the workspace whose name is `string`.

f.altcontext

  Set the alternate context. The next key or button event ctwm receives will be interpreted using the alternate context. To define bindings in the alternate context, use the keyword `alter` in the context field of the binding command. For example:

      "Return" = m : all   : f.altcontext
      "n" =        : alter : f.nextworkspace
      "p" =        : alter : f.prevworkspace

f.altkeymap `number`

  Set the alternate keymap `number`, where `number` is an integer between 1 and 5 inclusive. The next key or button event ctwm receives will be interpreted using this alternate keymap. To define bindings in an alternate keymap, use the keyword `a` followed by `number` in the modifier field of the binding command. For example:

      "Return" = c : all                  : f.altkeymap "1"
      "i" =     a1 : window|icon|iconmgr  : f.iconify
      "z" =     a1 : window               : f.zoom
      "d" =     a1 : window|icon          : f.delete
      "o" =     a1 : window|icon          : f.occupy
      "r" =     a1 : window|icon          : f.refresh

  When using an alternate keymaps, only the root, window, icon and iconmgr contexts are allowed.

f.autolower

  This function toggles whether or not the selected window is lowered whenever the pointer leaves it. See the description of the variable `AutoLower`.

f.autoraise

  This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable `AutoRaise`.

f.backiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary.

f.backmapiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer in the same manner as `f.backiconmgr` but only stops at windows that are mapped.

f.beep

  This function sounds the keyboard bell.

f.bottomzoom

  This function stretches the bottom side of the window out to the bottom edge of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already bottomzoom’d.

f.changepriority `rel-value`

  Change the priority of a window by `rel-value` (enclosed within double quotes). For instance, to bury a window one level down, you would use f.changepriority "-1". See `OnTopPriority` variable.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.changesize `string`

  This function allows you to change the size of the focused window. The format of the string must be either `"<border> <+|-><sizechange>"` (where `<border>` must be one of `top`, `bottom`, `left` or `right`) or `"<x size>x<y size>"` (where the size is the requested new window size). The height of the window can never be set/changed to less than the title height + 1 (or 1 if the window has no title) and the width can never be set/changed to less than 1.

      "Right"  = c|s : all : f.changesize "right +10"
      "Left"   = c|s : all : f.changesize "right -10"
      "Down"   = c|s : all : f.changesize "bottom +10"
      "Up"     = c|s : all : f.changesize "bottom -10"

      "F1"     = c|s : all : f.changesize "640x480"
      "F2"     = c|s : all : f.changesize "800x600"
      "F3"     = c|s : all : f.changesize "1024x768"

f.circledown

  This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window.

f.circleup

  This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window.

f.colormap `string`

  This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the `WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS` property on the window) that ctwm will display when the pointer is in this window. The argument `string` may have one of the following values: `"next"`, `"prev"`, and `"default"`. It should be noted here that in general, the installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the colormap. Using the click to type model, private colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on the target window.

f.deiconify

  This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon, this function does nothing.

f.delete

  This function sends the `WM_DELETE_WINDOW` message to the selected window if the client application has requested it through the `WM_PROTOCOLS` window property. The application is supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated window. If the window has not requested `WM_DELETE_WINDOW` messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very different from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single window, not necessarily the entire application.

f.deleteordestroy

  First tries to delete the window (send it `WM_DELETE_WINDOW` message), or kills it, if the client doesn’t accept such message.

f.deltastop

  This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved more than `MoveDelta` pixels. See the example definition given for `Function "move-or-raise"` at the beginning of the section.

f.destroy

  This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of the client that created the selected window. This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also f.delete.

f.downiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary.

f.downworkspace

  Goto the workspace immediately underneath the current workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace is the bottom one, goto the top one in the same column. The result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

f.exec `string`

  This function passes the argument `string` to `/bin/sh` for execution. In multiscreen mode, if `string` starts a new X client without giving a display argument, the client will appear on the screen from which this function was invoked. If the string “$currentworkspace” is present inside the string argument, it will be substituted with the current workspace name.

f.fill `string`

  Where string is either : “right”, “left”, “top”, “bottom” or “vertical”. The current window is resized in the specified direction until it reaches an obstacle (either another window, or the screen border). f.fill “vertical” sets the window status to “zoomed” and toggles, ie calling it again will reset the previous window size.

f.focus

  This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the selected window already was focused, this function executes an `f.unfocus`.

f.forcemove

  This function is like `f.move` except that it ignores the `DontMoveOff` variable.

f.forwiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if necessary.

f.forwmapiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer in the same manner as `f.forwiconmgr` but only stops at windows that are mapped.

f.fullscreenzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.fullzoom` function, except that it makes the client window (the part inside the frame) the size of the current monitor, so the window decorations are off-screen. This gives the same visual effect as the window covering the whole screen with no decorations. If the window is already fullscreenzoom’d, it restores the original size.

f.fullzoom

  This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already fullzoom’d.

f.function `string`

  This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified by the argument `string`.

f.gotoworkspace `workspace_name`

  This function warps you to the workspace whose name is `workspace_name`.

f.hbzoom

  This function is a synonym for `f.bottomzoom`.

f.hideiconmgr

  This function unmaps the current icon manager.

f.hideworkspacemgr

  Unmap the WorkSpace manager.

f.horizoom

  This function stretches the window so that it covers the whole width of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already horizoom’d.

f.htzoom

  This function is a synonym for `f.topzoom`.

f.hzoom

  This function is a synonym for `f.horizoom`.

f.iconify

  This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively.

f.identify

  This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the selected window. Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it.

f.initsize

  This function resets a window to its initial size given by the `WM_NORMAL_HINTS` hints.

f.jumpdown `step`

  This function is designed to be bound to a key, it moves the current window (step * {X,Y}MoveGrid) pixels downward. stopping if the window encounters another window or the screen border (ala f.pack).

f.jumpleft `step`

  Leftward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

f.jumpright `step`

  Rightward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

f.jumpup `step`

  Upward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

f.lefticonmgr

  This function similar to `f.backiconmgr` except that wrapping does not change rows.

f.leftworkspace

  Goto the workspace immediately on the left of the current workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace is the leftest one, goto the rightest one in the same row. The result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

f.leftzoom

  This function stretches the left side of the window out to the left edge of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already leftzoom’d.

f.lower

  This function lowers the selected window.

f.menu `string`

  This function invokes the menu specified by the argument `string`. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to `f.menu`. When a menu is popped up, you can use the arrow keys to move the cursor around it. “Down” or space goes down, “Up” goes up, “Left” pops down the menu, and “Right” activates the current entry. The first letter of an entry name activates this entry (the first one if several entries match). If the first letter is ~ then Meta-the-second-letter activates it, if this first letter is ^ then Control-the-second-letter activates it, and if this first letter is space, then the second letter activates it.

f.move

  This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the window itself if the `OpaqueMove` variable is set) until the invoking pointer button is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds given by `ConstrainedMoveTime` warps the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button before releasing the first button.

f.movepack

  This function is like `f.move` except that it tries to avoid overlapping of windows. When the moving window begin to overlap with another window, the move is stopped. If you go too far over the other window (more that `MovePackResistance` pixels), the move is resumed and the moving window can overlap with the other window. Useful to pack windows closely.

f.movepush

  This function is like `f.move` except that it tries to avoid overlapping of windows. When the moving window begins to overlap with another window, the other window is pushed. If you go too far over the other window (more that `MovePackResistance` pixels), there is no push and the moving window can overlap with the other window. Only available if `OpaqueMove` is active.

f.moveresize `geometry`

  Takes one string argument which is a geometry with the standard X geometry syntax (e.g. 200x300+150-0). Sets the current window to the specified geometry. The width and height are to be given in pixel, no base size or resize increment are used. When XrandR is compiled, the geometry can be relative to a monitor, by prefixing its name (visible with `xrandr(1)` command line) followed by `:` (e.g. HDMI1:200x300+150-0). This name is ignored when XrandR is not available.

f.movetitlebar

  If applied to a squeezed titlebar (see `SqueezeTitle`) you can drag it along the top of the window (a feature which was first found in BeOS). The existing justification type is preserved, as is the positioning (relative or absolute). This means that a relatively positioned titlebar will move when the width of a window changes, whereas an absolutely positioned title will not. The default positioning is left-justified, absolute at 0 pixels.

      Button1 = m1 : title : f.movetitlebar

  `f.movetitlebar` does nothing if the window has no title, the window is squeezed (see f.squeeze), or the title is not squeezed (see `SqueezeTitle`).

f.movetonextworkspace
f.movetonextworkspaceandfollow

  Move the window to the next workspace, and optionally switch view over to that workspace.

f.movetoprevworkspace
f.movetoprevworkspaceandfollow

  Move the window to the previous workspace, and optionally switch view over to that workspace.

f.nexticonmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows on the current or any succeeding screen.

f.nextworkspace

  Goto the next workspace in the list, using the order given in the `.ctwmrc` file.

f.nop

  This function does nothing and is typically used with the `DefaultFunction` or `WindowFunction` variables or to introduce blank lines in menus.

f.occupy

  This function pops up a window for the user to choose which workspaces a window belongs to.

f.occupyall

  This function makes the specified window occupy all the workspaces.

f.pack `string`

  Where string is either : “right”, “left”, “top” or “bottom” The current window is moved in the specified direction until it reaches an obstacle (either another window, or the screen border). The pointer follows the window.

f.pin

  Valid only in a root menu. Make a menu permanent on the screen. This is a toggle function, if you select it while the menu is already permanent, it becomes non-permanent.

f.previconmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.

f.prevworkspace

  Goto the previous workspace in the list, using the order given in the `.ctwmrc` file.

f.priorityswitching

  Toggle the window’s switching ability. X-ref `PrioritySwitching` and `OnTopPriority` variables.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.quit

  This function causes ctwm to restore the window’s borders and exit. If ctwm is the first client invoked from `xdm`, this will result in a server reset.

f.raise

  This function raises the selected window.

f.raiseicons

  This function raises all the icons in the current workspace.

f.raiselower

  This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.

f.raiseorsqueeze

  Raise the window or squeeze it if it’s a double click. The time that defines a double click is given by the `ConstrainedMoveTime` variable.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.refresh

  This function causes all windows to be refreshed.

f.removefromworkspace `string`

  This function removes the selected window from the workspace whose name is `string`.

f.rereadsounds

  This function causes the `.ctwm-sounds` file to be re-read. Note that this will not re-read sounds set in `RplaySounds` in the config file. As a result, this function will probably go away in the future when `.ctwm-sounds` support is removed. See the SOUNDS section.

f.rescuewindows

  If you somehow managed to move a window out of sight, calling this function will check all windows and icons on currently visible virtual screens, and those that are (nearly) out of the bounds of their virtual screen will be brought completely inside (if that fits).

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.resize

  This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border (or setting `AutoRelativeResize`) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a resize, press another button before releasing the first button.

f.restart

  This function kills and restarts ctwm.

f.restoregeometry

  Restore the current window geometry to what was saved in the last call to f.savegeometry.

f.righticonmgr

  This function is similar to `f.nexticonmgr` except that wrapping does not change rows.

f.rightworkspace

  Goto the workspace immediately on the right of the current workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace is the rightest one, goto the leftest one in the same row. The result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

f.rightzoom

  This function stretches the right side of the window out to the right edge of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already rightzoom’d.

f.ring

  Selects a window and adds it to the WarpRing, or removes it if it was already in the ring. This command makes `f.warpring` much more useful, by making its configuration dynamic.

f.savegeometry

  The geometry of the current window is saved. The next call to f.restoregeometry will restore this window to this geometry.

f.saveyourself

  This function sends a `WM_SAVEYOURSELF` message to the selected window if it has requested the message in its `WM_PROTOCOLS` window property. Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window and update the `WM_COMMAND` property as specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.

f.separator

  Valid only in menus. The effect is to add a line separator between the previous and the following entry. The name selector part in the menu is not used (but must be present).

f.setbuttonsstate

  Set the WorkSpace manager in button state.

f.setmapstate

  Set the WorkSpace manager in map state.

f.setpriority "`value`"

  Set the window’s priority to `value` (enclosed between double quotes). If `value` is directly followed by `<` or `b`, the window is placed below other windows of the given priority. Otherwise it is placed above. See `OnTopPriority` variable for details.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.showbackground

  This function unmaps all windows in the current workspace. This is a toggle function, if all windows are unmapped, they are all remapped. Better bind this function in the root context.

f.showiconmgr

  This function maps the current icon manager.

f.showworkspacemgr

  Map the WorkSpace manager.

f.slowdownanimation

  Decrease `AnimationSpeed` by 1.

f.sorticonmgr

  This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager alphabetically. See the variable `SortIconManager`.

f.speedupanimation

  Increase `AnimationSpeed` by 1.

f.squeeze

  f.squeeze squeezes a window to a null vertical size. Works only for windows with either a title, or a 3D border (in order to have something left on the screen). If the window is already squeezed, it is unsqueezed.

f.startanimation

  Restart freezed animations (if any).

f.stopanimation

  Freeze animations (if any).

f.switchpriority

  Switch the window’s priority, independently of its ability to switch automatically. X-ref `OnTopPriority` and `PrioritySwitching` variables.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.tinylower
f.tinyraise

  These two functions allow you to raise/lower a window "one step" at a time. For instance, `f.tinyraise` will bring the current window just above the lowest one that’s hiding it. These two functions are not subject to priority-switching.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.title

  This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition. It should not be used in any other context.

f.toggleoccupation `string`

  This function adds the selected window to the workspace whose name is `string` if it doesn’t already belongs to it, and removes it from this workspace if not.

f.togglesound

  Toggle sound on/off. See the SOUNDS section.

f.togglestate

  Toggle the state of the WorkSpace manager.

f.toggleworkspacemgr

  Toggle the presence of the WorkSpaceManager. If it is mapped, it will be unmapped and vice versa.

f.topzoom

  This function stretches the top side of the window out to the top edge of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already topzoom’d.

f.trace `string`

  Used for handling dumping debug output. If a filename is given in `string`, begins writing output to that file; if `string` is `"stderr"` writes to stderr. If debug file is already open, calling f.trace again closes it.

  This is probably only useful if you’re doing development on ctwm.

f.twmrc

  Alias for `f.restart`.

f.unfocus

  This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.

f.unsqueeze

  Is to `f.squeeze` what `f.deiconify` is to `f.iconify`.

  First appeared in 4.0.0.

f.upiconmgr

  This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if necessary.

f.upworkspace

  Goto the workspace immediately above the current workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace is the top one, goto the bottom one in the same column. The result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

f.vanish

  The specified window vanishes from the current workspace if it occupies at least one other WorkSpace. Do nothing in the others cases.

f.version

  This function causes the ctwm version window to be displayed. This window will be displayed until a pointer button is pressed or the pointer is moved from one window to another.

f.vlzoom

  This function is a synonym for `f.leftzoom`.

f.vrzoom

  This function is a synonym for `f.rightzoom`.

f.warphere `win_name`

  This function adds the window which has a name or class that matches string to the current workspace and warps the pointer to it. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.

f.warpring `string`

  This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as indicated by the argument `string`, which may be `"next"` or `"prev"`) specified in the `WindowRing` variable.

f.warpto `string`

  This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class that matches `string`. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable `WarpUnmapped` is set or else ignored.

f.warptoiconmgr `string`

  This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager specified by the argument `string`. If `string` is empty (i.e. ""), the current icon manager is chosen.

f.warptoscreen `string`

  This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the argument `string`. The argument may be a number (e.g. `"0"` or `"1"`), the word `"next"` (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word `"back"` (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word `"prev"` (indicating the last screen visited).

f.winrefresh

  This function is similar to the `f.refresh` function except that only the selected window is refreshed.

f.xbottomzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.bottomzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xfullscreenzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.fullscreenzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xfullzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.fullzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xhorizoom

  This function is similar to the `f.horizoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xleftzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.leftzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xrightzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.rightzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xtopzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.topzoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.xzoom

  This function is similar to the `f.zoom` function, but will cross monitors.

f.zoom

  This function stretches the window so that it covers the whole height of the current monitor, or restores the original size if the window was already zoom’d. It’s the vertical counterpart fo `f.horizoom`; perhaps `f.vertzoom` would be a better name…​

## 9. MENUS

Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the menu as it will be referred to by `f.menu`, optional default foreground and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for individual items:

    Menu "menuname" [ ("deffg":"defbg") ]
    {
        string1  [ ("fg1":"bg1") ]  function1
        string2  [ ("fg2":"bg2") ]  function2
            .
            .
            .
        stringN  [ ("fgN":"bgN") ]  functionN
    }

The `menuname` is case-sensitive. The optional `deffg` and `defbg` arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries. The `string` portion of each menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu. The optional `fgN` and `bgN` arguments specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The default is to use the colors specified by the `MenuForeground` and `MenuBackground` variables. The `function` portion of the menu entry is one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional menus.

If an entry name begins with a “*” (star), this star won’t be displayed and the corresponding entry will be the default entry for this menu. When a menu has a default entry and is used as a submenu of another menu, this default entry action will be executed automatically when this submenu is selected without being displayed. It’s hard to explain, but easy to understand.

### 9.1. Special Menus

There are several special menus.

`TwmWindows` contains the names of all of the client and ctwm-supplied windows in the current workspace. Selecting an entry will cause the `WindowFunction` to be executed on that window. If `WindowFunction` hasn’t been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

`TwmVisible` lists those windows which are currently deiconified (first appeared in 3.7). `TwmIcons` lists only those which are currently iconified.

`TwmAllWindows` and `TwmAllIcons` act similarly to the non-All variants described above, except that they show windows in all workspaces, rather than just the current one.

`TwmWorkspaces` contains the names of your workspaces, selecting an entry goto this workspace. In addition, these entries have submenus containing the names of all windows occupying this workspace, selecting such an entry executes `f.warpto` on this window.

`TwmKeys` lists all the keybindings in the root context that invoke `f.exec`. First appeared in 3.7.

## 10. ICONS

ctwm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by the `IconRegion` variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from the keyboard.

An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs `f.iconify`. To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the `iconmgr` context when specifying button and keyboard bindings.

Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic events `NoTitleFocus` is set). Using the `f.upiconmgr`, `f.downiconmgr` `f.lefticonmgr`, and `f.righticonmgr` functions, the input focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.

## 11. X WINDOW PROPERTIES

As a window manager, ctwm reads and sets a huge variety of properties on the windows it manages and the windows it creates. Most of that is beyond the scope of user documentation. However, a few points are worth mentioning.

### 11.1. Window Naming

Windows get their names via X properties. There are two types of names; the window name (which is what shows up in the titlebar, the `f.identify` window, etc), and the icon name (which shows up on the icon and on the icon manager).

Prior to 4.0.2, ctwm only supported the standard ICCCM properties for setting the window and icon names. These are `WM_NAME` for the window name, and `WM_ICON_NAME` for the icon name. As of 4.0.2, ctwm also supports the EWMH versions of these, which are `_NET_WM_NAME` and `_NET_WM_ICON_NAME`. If the EWMH variants exist, they’re used in preference to the older ICCCM style.

As of 4.0.2, ctwm also supports an additional pair of properties; `CTWM_WM_NAME` and `CTWM_WM_ICON_NAME`, which override all the others. These are specifically intended for the user to manually set, not for programs to set themselves. This allows the user to override programs that name themselves unhelpfully, or to otherwise label things to their liking.

You can set these via any method you’d use to set window properties. From the command line, the `xprop(1)` tool is widely available, if a little clunky. So, for instance, to set the icon name of a window (changing how it looks in the icon manager), but leave the window name alone as the program itself normally sets it (leaving the titlebar normal), you could run a command like:

    xprop -f CTWM_WM_ICON_NAME 8u -set CTWM_WM_ICON_NAME "I hate this window"

and then click the window you want to set it on. Unfortunately, `xprop(1)` does require you to specify the property name when defining the format, as well as when setting it, so it’s a little ugly. The `8u` means you’re giving a UTF-8 string. Other possible formats are `8s` for a plain 7-bit `STRING` (i.e, plain ASCII), and `8t` for “internationalized” ICCCM-style `COMPOUND_TEXT`. Usually you’d just use UTF-8 though. `xprop -remove CTWM_WM_ICON_NAME` and click would let you undo it and go back to the normal naming. See the `xprop(1)` manual for more.

## 12. SOUNDS

If built with the `USE_SOUND` option, ctwm is able to play sounds for any X event. This may be configured in two ways.

As of 4.0.0, the sounds may be configured in the ctwmrc with the `RplaySounds` config parameter. See above for details.

If that is not found, or in older versions, ctwm will look for the file `.ctwm-sounds` in the user’s home directory to map every X event to a sound file to be played. Each line in `.ctwm-sounds` has the following syntax:

    {X event}: {sound file}

If `RplaySounds` is given in the config file, and `.ctwm-sounds` exists, a warning will be given, and the contents of `.ctwm-sounds` will be ignored. All support for `.ctwm-sounds` will be removed in a future version, leaving only the ctwmrc configuration method available

However configured, the currently known X events that can be given are:

    KeyPress
    KeyRelease
    ButtonPress
    ButtonRelease
    MotionNotify
    EnterNotify
    LeaveNotify
    FocusIn
    FocusOut
    KeymapNotify
    Expose
    GraphicsExpose
    NoExpose
    VisibilityNotify
    CreateNotify
    DestroyNotify
    UnmapNotify
    MapNotify
    MapRequest
    ReparentNotify
    ConfigureNotify
    ConfigureRequest
    GravityNotify
    ResizeRequest
    CirculateNotify
    CirculateRequest
    PropertyNotify
    SelectionClear
    SelectionRequest
    SelectionNotify
    ColormapNotify
    ClientMessage
    MappingNotify

Additionally, the following two are recognised, and represent the time when ctwm is started or shut down:

    Startup
    Shutdown

## 13. BUGS

The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window lists.

Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.

If `IconifyByUnmapping` is on and windows are listed in `IconManagerDontShow` but not in `DontIconifyByUnmapping`, they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to `f.menu "TwmWindows"` or `f.warpto` are setup.

## 14. FILES

See earlier Customization section.

## 15. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

DISPLAY

  This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is also set during `f.exec` so that programs come up on the proper screen.

HOME

  This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and for locating the ctwm startup file.

## 16. SEE ALSO

X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)

## 17. COPYRIGHT

Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation; portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, See `X(1)` for a full statement of rights and permissions.

See COPYRIGHT file in distribution for more information.

## 18. AUTHORS

### 18.1. TWM

Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.

### 18.2. CTWM

Claude Lecommandeur, Swiss Polytechnical Institute of Lausanne (lecom@sic.epfl.ch); Richard Levitte (richard@levitte.org); Matthew Fuller (fullermd@over-yonder.net); and many other contributors.

## 19. VERSION

This manual is build for ctwm 4.1.0.