/*
 * Javolution - Java(TM) Solution for Real-Time and Embedded Systems
 * Copyright (C) 2006 - Javolution (http://javolution.org/)
 * All rights reserved.
 * 
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software is
 * freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
 */
package javolution.lang;

import java.util.Random;

/**
 * <p> This utility class ensures cross-platform portability of the math 
 *     library. Functions not supported by the platform are emulated.
 *     Developers may replace the current implementation with native
 *     implementations for faster execution (unlike 
 *     <code>java.lang.Math</code> this class can be customized).<p> 
 * 
 * @author  <a href="mailto:jean-marie@dautelle.com">Jean-Marie Dautelle</a>
 * @version 4.2, January 6, 2007
 */
public final class MathLib {

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     */
    private MathLib() {
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudo random <code>int</code> value in the range
     * <code>[min, max]</code> (fast and thread-safe without synchronization).
     * 
     * @param min the minimum value inclusive.
     * @param max the maximum value exclusive.
     * @return a pseudo random number in the range <code>[min, max]</code>.
     */
    public static int random(int min, int max) {
        int next = RANDOM.nextInt();
        if ((next >= min) && (next <= max))
            return next;
        next += Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        if ((next >= min) && (next <= max))
            return next;
        // We should not have interval overflow as the interval has to be less 
        // or equal to Integer.MAX_VALUE (otherwise we would have exited before).
        final int interval = 1 + max - min; // Positive.
        if (interval <= 0)
            throw new Error("Interval [" + min + ".." + max + "] error"); // In case.
        return MathLib.abs(next % interval) + min;
    }
    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random();

    /**
     * Returns a pseudo random <code>long</code> value in the range
     * <code>[min, max]</code> (fast and thread-safe without synchronization).
     * 
     * @param min the minimum value inclusive.
     * @param max the maximum value inclusive.
     * @return a pseudo random number in the range <code>[min, max]</code>.
     */
    public static long random(long min, long max) {
        long next = RANDOM.nextLong();
        if ((next >= min) && (next <= max))
            return next;
        next += Long.MIN_VALUE;
        if ((next >= min) && (next <= max))
            return next;
        // We should not have interval overflow as the interval has to be less 
        // or equal to Long.MAX_VALUE (otherwise we would have exited before).
        final long interval = 1L + max - min; // Positive.
        if (interval <= 0)
            throw new Error("Interval error"); // Sanity check.
        return MathLib.abs(next % interval) + min;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudo random <code>float</code> value in the range
     * <code>[min, max]</code> (fast and thread-safe without synchronization).
     * 
     * @param min the minimum value inclusive.
     * @param max the maximum value inclusive.
     * @return a pseudo random number in the range <code>[min, max]</code>.
     */
    public static float random(float min, float max) {
        return (float) random((double) min, (double) max);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudo random <code>double</code> value in the range
     * <code>[min, max]</code> (fast and thread-safe without synchronization).
     * 
     * @param min the minimum value inclusive.
     * @param max the maximum value inclusive.
     * @return a pseudo random number in the range <code>[min, max]</code>.
     */
    public static double random(double min, double max) {
        double next = RANDOM.nextDouble(); // 0.0 .. 1.0
        return min + (next * max) - (next * min);
        // Due to potential numeric errors, both min and max are possible.
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement representation
     * of the specified <code>int</code>, excluding a sign bit.
     * For positive <code>int</code>, this is equivalent to the number of bits
     * in the ordinary binary representation. For negative <code>int</code>,
     * it is equivalent to the number of bits of the positive value 
     * <code>-(i + 1)</code>.
     * 
     * @param i the <code>int</code> value for which the bit length is returned.
     * @return the bit length of <code>i</code>.
     */
    public static int bitLength(int i) {
        if (i < 0)
            i = -++i;
        return (i < 1 << 16) ? (i < 1 << 8) ? BIT_LENGTH[i]
                : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 8] + 8
                : (i < 1 << 24) ? BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 16] + 16
                : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 24] + 24;
    }
    private static final byte[] BIT_LENGTH = {0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4,
        4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6,
        6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
        6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
        7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
        7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
        7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
        8, 8, 8
    };

    /**
     * Returns the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement representation
     * of the specified <code>long</code>, excluding a sign bit.
     * For positive <code>long</code>, this is equivalent to the number of bits
     * in the ordinary binary representation. For negative <code>long</code>,
     * it is equivalent to the number of bits of the positive value 
     * <code>-(l + 1)</code>.
     * 
     * @param l the <code>long</code> value for which the bit length is returned.
     * @return the bit length of <code>l</code>.
     */
    public static int bitLength(long l) {
        int i = (int) (l >> 32);
        if (i > 0)
            return (i < 1 << 16) ? (i < 1 << 8) ? BIT_LENGTH[i] + 32
                    : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 8] + 40
                    : (i < 1 << 24) ? BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 16] + 48
                    : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 24] + 56;
        if (i < 0)
            return bitLength(-++l);
        i = (int) l;
        return (i < 0) ? 32 : (i < 1 << 16) ? (i < 1 << 8) ? BIT_LENGTH[i]
                : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 8] + 8
                : (i < 1 << 24) ? BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 16] + 16
                : BIT_LENGTH[i >>> 24] + 24;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
     * representation of the specified <code>long</code> value. 
     * This function is sometimes referred to as the <i>population count</i>.
     *
     * @param longValue the <code>long</code> value.
     * @return the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
     *         representation of the specified <code>longValue</code>.
     */
    public static int bitCount(long longValue) {
        longValue = longValue - ((longValue >>> 1) & 0x5555555555555555L);
        longValue = (longValue & 0x3333333333333333L) + ((longValue >>> 2) & 0x3333333333333333L);
        longValue = (longValue + (longValue >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL;
        longValue = longValue + (longValue >>> 8);
        longValue = longValue + (longValue >>> 16);
        longValue = longValue + (longValue >>> 32);
        return (int) longValue & 0x7f;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
     * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
     * of the specified <code>long</code> value. Returns 64 if the specifed
     *  value is zero.
     * 
     * @param longValue the <code>long</code> value.
     * @return the number of leading zero bits.
     */
    public static int numberOfLeadingZeros(long longValue) {
        // From Hacker's Delight
        if (longValue == 0)
            return 64;
        int n = 1;
        int x = (int) (longValue >>> 32);
        if (x == 0) {
            n += 32;
            x = (int) longValue;
        }
        if (x >>> 16 == 0) {
            n += 16;
            x <<= 16;
        }
        if (x >>> 24 == 0) {
            n += 8;
            x <<= 8;
        }
        if (x >>> 28 == 0) {
            n += 4;
            x <<= 4;
        }
        if (x >>> 30 == 0) {
            n += 2;
            x <<= 2;
        }
        n -= x >>> 31;
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
     * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified
     * <code>long</code> value. Returns 64 if the specifed value is zero.
     *
     * @param longValue the <code>long</code> value.
     * @return the number of trailing zero bits.
     */
    public static int numberOfTrailingZeros(long longValue) {
        // From Hacker's Delight
        if (longValue == 0)
            return 64;
        int x, y;
        int n = 63;
        y = (int) longValue;
        if (y != 0) {
            n = n - 32;
            x = y;
        } else
            x = (int) (longValue >>> 32);
        y = x << 16;
        if (y != 0) {
            n = n - 16;
            x = y;
        }
        y = x << 8;
        if (y != 0) {
            n = n - 8;
            x = y;
        }
        y = x << 4;
        if (y != 0) {
            n = n - 4;
            x = y;
        }
        y = x << 2;
        if (y != 0) {
            n = n - 2;
            x = y;
        }
        return n - ((x << 1) >>> 31);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of digits of the decimal representation of the 
     * specified <code>int</code> value, excluding the sign character if any.
     * 
     * @param i the <code>int</code> value for which the digit length is returned.
     * @return <code>String.valueOf(i).length()</code> for zero or positive values;
     *         <code>String.valueOf(i).length() - 1</code> for negative values.
     */
    public static int digitLength(int i) {
        if (i >= 0)
            return (i >= 100000) ? (i >= 10000000) ? (i >= 1000000000) ? 10
                    : (i >= 100000000) ? 9 : 8 : (i >= 1000000) ? 7 : 6
                    : (i >= 100) ? (i >= 10000) ? 5 : (i >= 1000) ? 4 : 3
                    : (i >= 10) ? 2 : 1;
        if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE)
            return 10; // "2147483648".length()
        return digitLength(-i); // No overflow possible.
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of digits of the decimal representation of the 
     * the specified <code>long</code>, excluding the sign character if any.
     * 
     * @param l the <code>long</code> value for which the digit length is returned.
     * @return <code>String.valueOf(l).length()</code> for zero or positive values;
     *         <code>String.valueOf(l).length() - 1</code> for negative values.
     */
    public static int digitLength(long l) {
        if (l >= 0)
            return (l <= Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                    ? digitLength((int) l)
                    : // At least 10 digits or more.
                    (l >= 100000000000000L) ? (l >= 10000000000000000L) ? (l >= 1000000000000000000L) ? 19
                    : (l >= 100000000000000000L) ? 18 : 17
                    : (l >= 1000000000000000L) ? 16 : 15
                    : (l >= 100000000000L) ? (l >= 10000000000000L) ? 14
                    : (l >= 1000000000000L) ? 13 : 12
                    : (l >= 10000000000L) ? 11 : 10;
        if (l == Long.MIN_VALUE)
            return 19; // "9223372036854775808".length()
        return digitLength(-l);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>double</code> representation of the
     * specified <code>long</code> number multiplied by a power of two.
     *
     * @param m the <code>long</code> multiplier.
     * @param n the power of two exponent.
     * @return <code>m * 2<sup>n</sup></code>.
     */
    public static double toDoublePow2(long m, int n) {
        if (m == 0)
            return 0.0;
        if (m == Long.MIN_VALUE)
            return toDoublePow2(Long.MIN_VALUE >> 1, n + 1);
        if (m < 0)
            return -toDoublePow2(-m, n);
        int bitLength = MathLib.bitLength(m);
        int shift = bitLength - 53;
        long exp = 1023L + 52 + n + shift; // Use long to avoid overflow.
        if (exp >= 0x7FF)
            return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
        if (exp <= 0) { // Degenerated number (subnormal, assume 0 for bit 52)
            if (exp <= -54)
                return 0.0;
            return toDoublePow2(m, n + 54) / 18014398509481984L; // 2^54 Exact.
        }
        // Normal number.
        long bits = (shift > 0) ? (m >> shift) + ((m >> (shift - 1)) & 1) : // Rounding.
                m << -shift;
        if (((bits >> 52) != 1) && (++exp >= 0x7FF))
            return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
        bits &= 0x000fffffffffffffL; // Clears MSB (bit 52)
        bits |= exp << 52;
        return Double.longBitsToDouble(bits);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>double</code> representation of the
     * specified <code>long</code> number multiplied by a power of ten.
     *
     * @param m the <code>long</code> multiplier.
     * @param n the power of ten exponent.
     * @return <code>multiplier * 10<sup>n</sup></code>.
     **/
    public static double toDoublePow10(long m, int n) {
        if (m == 0)
            return 0.0;
        if (m == Long.MIN_VALUE)
            return toDoublePow10(Long.MIN_VALUE / 10, n + 1);
        if (m < 0)
            return -toDoublePow10(-m, n);
        if (n >= 0) { // Positive power.
            if (n > 308)
                return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
            // Works with 4 x 32 bits registers (x3:x2:x1:x0)
            long x0 = 0;  // 32 bits.
            long x1 = 0;  // 32 bits.
            long x2 = m & MASK_32; // 32 bits.
            long x3 = m >>> 32; // 32 bits.
            int pow2 = 0;
            while (n != 0) {
                int i = (n >= POW5_INT.length) ? POW5_INT.length - 1 : n;
                int coef = POW5_INT[i]; // 31 bits max.

                if (((int) x0) != 0)
                    x0 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                if (((int) x1) != 0)
                    x1 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                x2 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                x3 *= coef; // 63 bits max.

                x1 += x0 >>> 32;
                x0 &= MASK_32;

                x2 += x1 >>> 32;
                x1 &= MASK_32;

                x3 += x2 >>> 32;
                x2 &= MASK_32;

                // Adjusts powers.
                pow2 += i;
                n -= i;

                // Normalizes (x3 should be 32 bits max).
                long carry = x3 >>> 32;
                if (carry != 0) { // Shift.
                    x0 = x1;
                    x1 = x2;
                    x2 = x3 & MASK_32;
                    x3 = carry;
                    pow2 += 32;
                }
            }

            // Merges registers to a 63 bits mantissa.
            int shift = 31 - MathLib.bitLength(x3); // -1..30
            pow2 -= shift;
            long mantissa = (shift < 0) ? (x3 << 31) | (x2 >>> 1) : // x3 is 32 bits.
                    (((x3 << 32) | x2) << shift) | (x1 >>> (32 - shift));
            return toDoublePow2(mantissa, pow2);

        } else { // n < 0
            if (n < -324 - 20)
                return 0.0;

            // Works with x1:x0 126 bits register.
            long x1 = m; // 63 bits.
            long x0 = 0; // 63 bits.
            int pow2 = 0;
            while (true) {

                // Normalizes x1:x0
                int shift = 63 - MathLib.bitLength(x1);
                x1 <<= shift;
                x1 |= x0 >>> (63 - shift);
                x0 = (x0 << shift) & MASK_63;
                pow2 -= shift;

                // Checks if division has to be performed.
                if (n == 0)
                    break; // Done.

                // Retrieves power of 5 divisor.
                int i = (-n >= POW5_INT.length) ? POW5_INT.length - 1 : -n;
                int divisor = POW5_INT[i];

                // Performs the division (126 bits by 31 bits).
                long wh = (x1 >>> 32);
                long qh = wh / divisor;
                long r = wh - qh * divisor;
                long wl = (r << 32) | (x1 & MASK_32);
                long ql = wl / divisor;
                r = wl - ql * divisor;
                x1 = (qh << 32) | ql;

                wh = (r << 31) | (x0 >>> 32);
                qh = wh / divisor;
                r = wh - qh * divisor;
                wl = (r << 32) | (x0 & MASK_32);
                ql = wl / divisor;
                x0 = (qh << 32) | ql;

                // Adjusts powers.
                n += i;
                pow2 -= i;
            }
            return toDoublePow2(x1, pow2);
        }
    }
    private static final long MASK_63 = 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL;

    private static final long MASK_32 = 0xFFFFFFFFL;

    private static final int[] POW5_INT = {1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, 15625,
        78125, 390625, 1953125, 9765625, 48828125, 244140625, 1220703125
    };
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>long</code> representation of the
     * specified <code>double</code> number multiplied by a power of two.
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> multiplier.
     * @param n the power of two exponent.
     * @return <code>d * 2<sup>n</sup></code>
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the conversion cannot be performed
     *         (NaN, Infinity or overflow).
     **/
    public static long toLongPow2(double d, int n) {
        long bits = Double.doubleToLongBits(d);
        boolean isNegative = (bits >> 63) != 0;
        int exp = ((int) (bits >> 52)) & 0x7FF;
        long m = bits & 0x000fffffffffffffL;
        if (exp == 0x7FF)
            throw new ArithmeticException(
                    "Cannot convert to long (Infinity or NaN)");
        if (exp == 0) {
            if (m == 0)
                return 0L;
            return toLongPow2(d * 18014398509481984L, n - 54); // 2^54 Exact.
        }
        m |= 0x0010000000000000L; // Sets MSB (bit 52)
        long shift = exp - 1023L - 52 + n; // Use long to avoid overflow.
        if (shift <= -64)
            return 0L;
        if (shift >= 11)
            throw new ArithmeticException(
                    "Cannot convert to long (overflow)");
        m = (shift >= 0) ? m << shift : (m >> -shift) + ((m >> -(shift + 1)) & 1); // Rounding.
        return isNegative ? -m : m;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>long</code> representation of the
     * specified <code>double</code> number multiplied by a power of ten.
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> multiplier.
     * @param n the power of two exponent.
     * @return <code>d * 10<sup>n</sup></code>.
     */
    public static long toLongPow10(double d, int n) {
        long bits = Double.doubleToLongBits(d);
        boolean isNegative = (bits >> 63) != 0;
        int exp = ((int) (bits >> 52)) & 0x7FF;
        long m = bits & 0x000fffffffffffffL;
        if (exp == 0x7FF)
            throw new ArithmeticException(
                    "Cannot convert to long (Infinity or NaN)");
        if (exp == 0) {
            if (m == 0)
                return 0L;
            return toLongPow10(d * 1E16, n - 16);
        }
        m |= 0x0010000000000000L; // Sets MSB (bit 52)
        int pow2 = exp - 1023 - 52;
        // Retrieves 63 bits m with n == 0.
        if (n >= 0) {
            // Works with 4 x 32 bits registers (x3:x2:x1:x0)
            long x0 = 0;  // 32 bits.
            long x1 = 0;  // 32 bits.
            long x2 = m & MASK_32; // 32 bits.
            long x3 = m >>> 32; // 32 bits.
            while (n != 0) {
                int i = (n >= POW5_INT.length) ? POW5_INT.length - 1 : n;
                int coef = POW5_INT[i]; // 31 bits max.

                if (((int) x0) != 0)
                    x0 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                if (((int) x1) != 0)
                    x1 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                x2 *= coef; // 63 bits max.
                x3 *= coef; // 63 bits max.

                x1 += x0 >>> 32;
                x0 &= MASK_32;

                x2 += x1 >>> 32;
                x1 &= MASK_32;

                x3 += x2 >>> 32;
                x2 &= MASK_32;

                // Adjusts powers.
                pow2 += i;
                n -= i;

                // Normalizes (x3 should be 32 bits max).
                long carry = x3 >>> 32;
                if (carry != 0) { // Shift.
                    x0 = x1;
                    x1 = x2;
                    x2 = x3 & MASK_32;
                    x3 = carry;
                    pow2 += 32;
                }
            }

            // Merges registers to a 63 bits mantissa.
            int shift = 31 - MathLib.bitLength(x3); // -1..30
            pow2 -= shift;
            m = (shift < 0) ? (x3 << 31) | (x2 >>> 1) : // x3 is 32 bits.
                    (((x3 << 32) | x2) << shift) | (x1 >>> (32 - shift));

        } else { // n < 0

            // Works with x1:x0 126 bits register.
            long x1 = m; // 63 bits.
            long x0 = 0; // 63 bits.
            while (true) {

                // Normalizes x1:x0
                int shift = 63 - MathLib.bitLength(x1);
                x1 <<= shift;
                x1 |= x0 >>> (63 - shift);
                x0 = (x0 << shift) & MASK_63;
                pow2 -= shift;

                // Checks if division has to be performed.
                if (n == 0)
                    break; // Done.

                // Retrieves power of 5 divisor.
                int i = (-n >= POW5_INT.length) ? POW5_INT.length - 1 : -n;
                int divisor = POW5_INT[i];

                // Performs the division (126 bits by 31 bits).
                long wh = (x1 >>> 32);
                long qh = wh / divisor;
                long r = wh - qh * divisor;
                long wl = (r << 32) | (x1 & MASK_32);
                long ql = wl / divisor;
                r = wl - ql * divisor;
                x1 = (qh << 32) | ql;

                wh = (r << 31) | (x0 >>> 32);
                qh = wh / divisor;
                r = wh - qh * divisor;
                wl = (r << 32) | (x0 & MASK_32);
                ql = wl / divisor;
                x0 = (qh << 32) | ql;

                // Adjusts powers.
                n += i;
                pow2 -= i;
            }
            m = x1;
        }
        if (pow2 > 0)
            throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow");
        if (pow2 < -63)
            return 0;
        m = (m >> -pow2) + ((m >> -(pow2 + 1)) & 1); // Rounding.
        return isNegative ? -m : m;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the largest power of 2 that is less than or equal to the
     * the specified positive value.
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> number.
     * @return <code>floor(Log2(abs(d)))</code>
     * @throws ArithmeticException if <code>d &lt;= 0<code> or <code>d</code>
     *         is <code>NaN</code> or <code>Infinity</code>.
     **/
    public static int floorLog2(double d) {
        if (d <= 0)
            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative number or zero");
        long bits = Double.doubleToLongBits(d);
        int exp = ((int) (bits >> 52)) & 0x7FF;
        if (exp == 0x7FF)
            throw new ArithmeticException("Infinity or NaN");
        if (exp == 0)
            return floorLog2(d * 18014398509481984L) - 54;  // 2^54 Exact.       
        return exp - 1023;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the largest power of 10 that is less than or equal to the
     * the specified positive value.
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> number.
     * @return <code>floor(Log10(abs(d)))</code>
     * @throws ArithmeticException if <code>d &lt;= 0<code> or <code>d</code>
     *         is <code>NaN</code> or <code>Infinity</code>.
     **/
    public static int floorLog10(double d) {
        int guess = (int) (LOG2_DIV_LOG10 * MathLib.floorLog2(d));
        double pow10 = MathLib.toDoublePow10(1, guess);
        if ((pow10 <= d) && (pow10 * 10 > d))
            return guess;
        if (pow10 > d)
            return guess - 1;
        return guess + 1;
    }
    private static final double LOG2_DIV_LOG10 = 0.3010299956639811952137388947;
    /**/

    /**
     * The natural logarithm.
     **/
    public static final double E = 2.71828182845904523536028747135266;

    /**
     * The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
     **/
    public static final double PI = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795;

    /**
     * Half the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
     **/
    public static final double HALF_PI = 1.5707963267948966192313216916398;

    /**
     * Twice the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
     **/
    public static final double TWO_PI = 6.283185307179586476925286766559;

    /**
     * Four time the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
     **/
    public static final double FOUR_PI = 12.566370614359172953850573533118;

    /**
     * Holds {@link #PI} * {@link #PI}.
     **/
    public static final double PI_SQUARE = 9.8696044010893586188344909998762;

    /**
     * The natural logarithm of two.
     **/
    public static final double LOG2 = 0.69314718055994530941723212145818;

    /**
     * The natural logarithm of ten.
     **/
    public static final double LOG10 = 2.3025850929940456840179914546844;

    /**
     * The square root of two.
     **/
    public static final double SQRT2 = 1.4142135623730950488016887242097;

    /**
     * Not-A-Number.
     **/
    public static final double NaN = 0.0 / 0.0;

    /**
     * Infinity.
     **/
    public static final double Infinity = 1.0 / 0.0;

    /**/
    /**
     * Converts an angle in degrees to radians.
     *
     * @param degrees the angle in degrees.
     * @return the specified angle in radians.
     **/
    public static double toRadians(double degrees) {
        return degrees * (PI / 180.0);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Converts an angle in radians to degrees.
     *
     * @param radians the angle in radians.
     * @return the specified angle in degrees.
     **/
    public static double toDegrees(double radians) {
        return radians * (180.0 / PI);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the positive square root of the specified value.
     * 
     * @param x the value.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.sqrt(x)</code>
     **/
    public static double sqrt(double x) {
        return Math.sqrt(x); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the remainder of the division of the specified two arguments.
     *
     * @param x the dividend.
     * @param y the divisor.
     * @return <code>x - round(x / y) * y</code>
     **/
    public static double rem(double x, double y) {
        double tmp = x / y;
        if (MathLib.abs(tmp) <= Long.MAX_VALUE)
            return x - MathLib.round(tmp) * y;
        else
            return NaN;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) 
     * <code>double</code> value that is not less than the argument and is 
     * equal to a mathematical integer.
     *
     * @param x the value.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.ceil(x)</code>
     **/
    public static double ceil(double x) {
        return Math.ceil(x); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) 
     * <code>double</code> value that is not greater than the argument and 
     * is equal to a mathematical integer.
     *
     * @param x the value.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.ceil(x)</code>
     **/
    public static double floor(double x) {
        return Math.floor(x); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the trigonometric sine of the specified angle in radians.
     * 
     * @param radians the angle in radians.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.sin(radians)</code>
     **/
    public static double sin(double radians) {
        return Math.sin(radians); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the trigonometric cosine of the specified angle in radians.
     * 
     * @param radians the angle in radians.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.cos(radians)</code>
     **/
    public static double cos(double radians) {
        return Math.cos(radians); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the trigonometric tangent of the specified angle in radians.
     * 
     * @param radians the angle in radians.
     * @return <code>java.lang.Math.tan(radians)</code>
     **/
    public static double tan(double radians) {
        return Math.tan(radians); // CLDC 1.1
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the arc sine of the specified value, 
     * in the range of -<i>pi</i>/2 through <i>pi</i>/2. 
     *
     * @param x the value whose arc sine is to be returned.
     * @return the arc sine in radians for the specified value.
     **/
    public static double asin(double x) {
        if (x < -1.0 || x > 1.0)
            return MathLib.NaN;
        if (x == -1.0)
            return -HALF_PI;
        if (x == 1.0)
            return HALF_PI;
        return MathLib.atan(x / MathLib.sqrt(1.0 - x * x));
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the arc cosine of the specified value,
     * in the range of 0.0 through <i>pi</i>. 
     *
     * @param x the value whose arc cosine is to be returned.
     * @return the arc cosine in radians for the specified value.
     **/
    public static double acos(double x) {
        return HALF_PI - MathLib.asin(x);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the arc tangent of the specified value,
     * in the range of -<i>pi</i>/2 through <i>pi</i>/2.  
     *
     * @param x the value whose arc tangent is to be returned.
     * @return the arc tangent in radians for the specified value.
     * @see <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/InverseTangent.html">
     *      Inverse Tangent -- from MathWorld</a> 
     **/
    public static double atan(double x) {
        return MathLib._atan(x);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the angle theta such that
     * <code>(x == cos(theta)) && (y == sin(theta))</code>. 
     *
     * @param y the y value.
     * @param x the x value.
     * @return the angle theta in radians.
     **/
    public static double atan2(double y, double x) {
        final double epsilon = 1E-128;
        if (MathLib.abs(x) > epsilon) {
            double temp = MathLib.atan(MathLib.abs(y) / MathLib.abs(x));
            if (x < 0.0)
                temp = PI - temp;
            if (y < 0.0)
                temp = TWO_PI - temp;
            return temp;
        } else if (y > epsilon)
            return HALF_PI;
        else if (y < -epsilon)
            return 3 * HALF_PI;
        else
            return 0.0;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.
     * 
     * @param x the value for which the hyperbolic sine is calculated.
     * @return <code>(exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2</code>
     **/
    public static double sinh(double x) {
        return (MathLib.exp(x) - MathLib.exp(-x)) * 0.5;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.
     * 
     * @param x the value for which the hyperbolic cosine is calculated.
     * @return <code>(exp(x) + exp(-x)) / 2</code>
     **/
    public static double cosh(double x) {
        return (MathLib.exp(x) + MathLib.exp(-x)) * 0.5;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.
     * 
     * @param x the value for which the hyperbolic tangent is calculated.
     * @return <code>(exp(2 * x) - 1) / (exp(2 * x) + 1)</code>
     **/
    public static double tanh(double x) {
        return (MathLib.exp(2 * x) - 1) / (MathLib.exp(2 * x) + 1);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns <i>{@link #E e}</i> raised to the specified power.
     *
     * @param x the exponent.
     * @return <code><i>e</i><sup>x</sup></code>
     * @see <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ExponentialFunction.html">
     *      Exponential Function -- from MathWorld</a> 
     **/
    public static double exp(double x) {
        return MathLib._ieee754_exp(x);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the natural logarithm (base <i>{@link #E e}</i>) of the specified
     * value.
     *
     * @param x the value greater than <code>0.0</code>.
     * @return the value y such as <code><i>e</i><sup>y</sup> == x</code>
     **/
    public static double log(double x) {
        return MathLib._ieee754_log(x);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the decimal logarithm of the specified value.
     *
     * @param x the value greater than <code>0.0</code>.
     * @return the value y such as <code>10<sup>y</sup> == x</code>
     **/
    public static double log10(double x) {
        return log(x) * INV_LOG10;
    }
    private static double INV_LOG10 = 0.43429448190325182765112891891661;
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the
     * second argument. 
     *
     * @param x the base.
     * @param y the exponent.
     * @return <code>x<sup>y</sup></code>
     **/
    public static double pow(double x, double y) {
        /**/
        /* */ // Use java.lang.Math value. 
        if (true) return Math.pow(x, y);
        /**/
        /**/ // Else (J2ME) use close approximation (+/- LSB)
        if ((x < 0) && (y == (int) y))
            return (((int) y) & 1) == 0 ? pow(-x, y) : -pow(-x, y);
        return MathLib.exp(y * MathLib.log(x));
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>int</code> to the specified argument. 
     *
     * @param f the <code>float</code> value to be rounded to a <code>int</code>
     * @return the nearest <code>int</code> value.
     **/
    public static int round(float f) {
        return (int) floor(f + 0.5f);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the closest <code>long</code> to the specified argument. 
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> value to be rounded to a 
     *        <code>long</code>
     * @return the nearest <code>long</code> value.
     **/
    public static long round(double d) {
        return (long) floor(d + 0.5d);
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns a random number between zero and one.
     *  
     * @return  a <code>double</code> greater than or equal 
     *          to <code>0.0</code> and less than <code>1.0</code>.
     **/
    public static double random() {
        return random(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE) * NORMALIZATION_FACTOR;
    }
    private static final double NORMALIZATION_FACTOR = -1.0 / Integer.MIN_VALUE;
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the absolute value of the specified <code>int</code> argument.
     *
     * @param i the <code>int</code> value.
     * @return <code>i</code> or <code>-i</code>
     */
    public static int abs(int i) {
        return (i < 0) ? -i : i;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the absolute value of the specified <code>long</code> argument.
     *
     * @param l the <code>long</code> value.
     * @return <code>l</code> or <code>-l</code>
     */
    public static long abs(long l) {
        return (l < 0) ? -l : l;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the absolute value of the specified <code>float</code> argument.
     *
     * @param f the <code>float</code> value.
     * @return <code>f</code> or <code>-f</code>
     **/
    public static float abs(float f) {
        return (f < 0) ? -f : f;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the absolute value of the specified <code>double</code> argument.
     *
     * @param d the <code>double</code> value.
     * @return <code>d</code> or <code>-d</code>
     **/
    public static double abs(double d) {
        return (d < 0) ? -d : d;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the greater of two <code>int</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the larger of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     */
    public static int max(int x, int y) {
        return (x >= y) ? x : y;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the greater of two <code>long</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the larger of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     */
    public static long max(long x, long y) {
        return (x >= y) ? x : y;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the greater of two <code>float</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the larger of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     **/
    public static float max(float x, float y) {
        return (x >= y) ? x : y;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the greater of two <code>double</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the larger of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     **/
    public static double max(double x, double y) {
        return (x >= y) ? x : y;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the smaller of two <code>int</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the smaller of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     */
    public static int min(int x, int y) {
        return (x < y) ? x : y;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the smaller of two <code>long</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the smaller of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     */
    public static long min(long x, long y) {
        return (x < y) ? x : y;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the smaller of two <code>float</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the smaller of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     **/
    public static float min(float x, float y) {
        return (x < y) ? x : y;
    }
    /**/

    /**
     * Returns the smaller of two <code>double</code> values. 
     *
     * @param x the first value.
     * @param y the second value.
     * @return the smaller of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>.
     **/
    public static double min(double x, double y) {
        return (x < y) ? x : y;
    }
    /**/
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /* @(#)s_atan.c 1.3 95/01/18 */
    /*
     * ====================================================
     * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
     *
     * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
     * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
     * software is freely granted, provided that this notice 
     * is preserved.
     * ====================================================
     *
     */

    /* atan(x)
     * Method
     *   1. Reduce x to positive by atan(x) = -atan(-x).
     *   2. According to the integer k=4t+0.25 chopped, t=x, the argument
     *      is further reduced to one of the following intervals and the
     *      arctangent of t is evaluated by the corresponding formula:
     *
     *      [0,7/16]      atan(x) = t-t^3*(a1+t^2*(a2+...(a10+t^2*a11)...)
     *      [7/16,11/16]  atan(x) = atan(1/2) + atan( (t-0.5)/(1+t/2) )
     *      [11/16.19/16] atan(x) = atan( 1 ) + atan( (t-1)/(1+t) )
     *      [19/16,39/16] atan(x) = atan(3/2) + atan( (t-1.5)/(1+1.5t) )
     *      [39/16,INF]   atan(x) = atan(INF) + atan( -1/t )
     *
     * Constants:
     * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following 
     * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the 
     * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough 
     * to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
     */
    static final double atanhi[] = {
        4.63647609000806093515e-01, // atan(0.5)hi 0x3FDDAC67, 0x0561BB4F
        7.85398163397448278999e-01, // atan(1.0)hi 0x3FE921FB, 0x54442D18 
        9.82793723247329054082e-01, // atan(1.5)hi 0x3FEF730B, 0xD281F69B 
        1.57079632679489655800e+00, // atan(inf)hi 0x3FF921FB, 0x54442D18 
    };

    static final double atanlo[] = {
        2.26987774529616870924e-17, // atan(0.5)lo 0x3C7A2B7F, 0x222F65E2
        3.06161699786838301793e-17, // atan(1.0)lo 0x3C81A626, 0x33145C07
        1.39033110312309984516e-17, // atan(1.5)lo 0x3C700788, 0x7AF0CBBD
        6.12323399573676603587e-17, // atan(inf)lo 0x3C91A626, 0x33145C07 
    };

    static final double aT[] = {
        3.33333333333329318027e-01, // 0x3FD55555, 0x5555550D
        -1.99999999998764832476e-01, // 0xBFC99999, 0x9998EBC4 
        1.42857142725034663711e-01, // 0x3FC24924, 0x920083FF 
        -1.11111104054623557880e-01, // 0xBFBC71C6, 0xFE231671 
        9.09088713343650656196e-02, // 0x3FB745CD, 0xC54C206E 
        -7.69187620504482999495e-02, // 0xBFB3B0F2, 0xAF749A6D 
        6.66107313738753120669e-02, // 0x3FB10D66, 0xA0D03D51 
        -5.83357013379057348645e-02, // 0xBFADDE2D, 0x52DEFD9A 
        4.97687799461593236017e-02, // 0x3FA97B4B, 0x24760DEB 
        -3.65315727442169155270e-02, // 0xBFA2B444, 0x2C6A6C2F 
        1.62858201153657823623e-02, // 0x3F90AD3A, 0xE322DA11 
    };

    static final double one = 1.0, huge = 1.0e300;

    static double _atan(double x) {
        double w, s1, s2, z;
        int ix, hx, id;
        long xBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(x);
        int __HIx = (int) (xBits >> 32);
        int __LOx = (int) xBits;

        hx = __HIx;
        ix = hx & 0x7fffffff;
        if (ix >= 0x44100000) {	// if |x| >= 2^66 
            if (ix > 0x7ff00000
                    || (ix == 0x7ff00000 && (__LOx != 0)))
                return x + x;		// NaN
            if (hx > 0)
                return atanhi[3] + atanlo[3];
            else
                return -atanhi[3] - atanlo[3];
        }
        if (ix < 0x3fdc0000) {	// |x| < 0.4375
            if (ix < 0x3e200000)	// |x| < 2^-29
                if (huge + x > one)
                    return x;
            id = -1;
        } else {
            x = MathLib.abs(x);
            if (ix < 0x3ff30000)		// |x| < 1.1875
                if (ix < 0x3fe60000) {	// 7/16 <=|x|<11/16
                    id = 0;
                    x = (2.0 * x - one) / (2.0 + x);
                } else {			// 11/16<=|x|< 19/16
                    id = 1;
                    x = (x - one) / (x + one);
                }
            else if (ix < 0x40038000) {	// |x| < 2.4375
                id = 2;
                x = (x - 1.5) / (one + 1.5 * x);
            } else {			// 2.4375 <= |x| < 2^66
                id = 3;
                x = -1.0 / x;
            }
        }
        // end of argument reduction
        z = x * x;
        w = z * z;
        // break sum from i=0 to 10 aT[i]z**(i+1) into odd and even poly
        s1 = z * (aT[0] + w * (aT[2] + w * (aT[4] + w * (aT[6] + w * (aT[8] + w * aT[10])))));
        s2 = w * (aT[1] + w * (aT[3] + w * (aT[5] + w * (aT[7] + w * aT[9]))));
        if (id < 0)
            return x - x * (s1 + s2);
        else {
            z = atanhi[id] - ((x * (s1 + s2) - atanlo[id]) - x);
            return (hx < 0) ? -z : z;
        }
    }
    /**/
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /* @(#)e_log.c 1.3 95/01/18 */
    /*
     * ====================================================
     * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
     *
     * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
     * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
     * software is freely granted, provided that this notice 
     * is preserved.
     * ====================================================
     */

    /* __ieee754_log(x)
     * Return the logrithm of x
     *
     * Method :                  
     *   1. Argument Reduction: find k and f such that 
     *			x = 2^k * (1+f), 
     *	   where  sqrt(2)/2 < 1+f < sqrt(2) .
     *
     *   2. Approximation of log(1+f).
     *	Let s = f/(2+f) ; based on log(1+f) = log(1+s) - log(1-s)
     *		 = 2s + 2/3 s**3 + 2/5 s**5 + .....,
     *	     	 = 2s + s*R
     *      We use a special Reme algorithm on [0,0.1716] to generate 
     * 	a polynomial of degree 14 to approximate R The maximum error 
     *	of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2**-58.45. In
     *	other words,
     *		        2      4      6      8      10      12      14
     *	    R(z) ~ Lg1*s +Lg2*s +Lg3*s +Lg4*s +Lg5*s  +Lg6*s  +Lg7*s
     *  	(the values of Lg1 to Lg7 are listed in the program)
     *	and
     *	    |      2          14          |     -58.45
     *	    | Lg1*s +...+Lg7*s    -  R(z) | <= 2 
     *	    |                             |
     *	Note that 2s = f - s*f = f - hfsq + s*hfsq, where hfsq = f*f/2.
     *	In order to guarantee error in log below 1ulp, we compute log
     *	by
     *		log(1+f) = f - s*(f - R)	(if f is not too large)
     *		log(1+f) = f - (hfsq - s*(hfsq+R)).	(better accuracy)
     *	
     *	3. Finally,  log(x) = k*ln2 + log(1+f).  
     *			    = k*ln2_hi+(f-(hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+k*ln2_lo)))
     *	   Here ln2 is split into two floating point number: 
     *			ln2_hi + ln2_lo,
     *	   where n*ln2_hi is always exact for |n| < 2000.
     *
     * Special cases:
     *	log(x) is NaN with signal if x < 0 (including -INF) ; 
     *	log(+INF) is +INF; log(0) is -INF with signal;
     *	log(NaN) is that NaN with no signal.
     *
     * Accuracy:
     *	according to an error analysis, the error is always less than
     *	1 ulp (unit in the last place).
     *
     * Constants:
     * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following 
     * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the 
     * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough 
     * to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
     */
    static final double ln2_hi = 6.93147180369123816490e-01, // 3fe62e42 fee00000
            ln2_lo = 1.90821492927058770002e-10, // 3dea39ef 35793c76
            two54 = 1.80143985094819840000e+16, // 43500000 00000000
            Lg1 = 6.666666666666735130e-01, // 3FE55555 55555593
            Lg2 = 3.999999999940941908e-01, // 3FD99999 9997FA04
            Lg3 = 2.857142874366239149e-01, // 3FD24924 94229359
            Lg4 = 2.222219843214978396e-01, // 3FCC71C5 1D8E78AF
            Lg5 = 1.818357216161805012e-01, // 3FC74664 96CB03DE
            Lg6 = 1.531383769920937332e-01, // 3FC39A09 D078C69F
            Lg7 = 1.479819860511658591e-01;  // 3FC2F112 DF3E5244

    static final double zero = 0.0;

    static double _ieee754_log(double x) {
        double hfsq, f, s, z, R, w, t1, t2, dk;
        int k, hx, i, j;
        int lx; // unsigned 

        long xBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(x);
        hx = (int) (xBits >> 32);
        lx = (int) xBits;

        k = 0;
        if (hx < 0x00100000) {			// x < 2**-1022 
            if (((hx & 0x7fffffff) | lx) == 0)
                return -two54 / zero;		// log(+-0)=-inf
            if (hx < 0)
                return (x - x) / zero;	// log(-#) = NaN
            k -= 54;
            x *= two54; // subnormal number, scale up x
            xBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(x);
            hx = (int) (xBits >> 32); // high word of x
        }
        if (hx >= 0x7ff00000)
            return x + x;
        k += (hx >> 20) - 1023;
        hx &= 0x000fffff;
        i = (hx + 0x95f64) & 0x100000;
        xBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(x);
        int HIx = hx | (i ^ 0x3ff00000);	// normalize x or x/2
        xBits = ((HIx & 0xFFFFFFFFL) << 32) | (xBits & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
        x = Double.longBitsToDouble(xBits);
        k += (i >> 20);
        f = x - 1.0;
        if ((0x000fffff & (2 + hx)) < 3) {	// |f| < 2**-20
            if (f == zero)
                if (k == 0)
                    return zero;
                else {
                    dk = (double) k;
                    return dk * ln2_hi + dk * ln2_lo;
                }
            R = f * f * (0.5 - 0.33333333333333333 * f);
            if (k == 0)
                return f - R;
            else {
                dk = (double) k;
                return dk * ln2_hi - ((R - dk * ln2_lo) - f);
            }
        }
        s = f / (2.0 + f);
        dk = (double) k;
        z = s * s;
        i = hx - 0x6147a;
        w = z * z;
        j = 0x6b851 - hx;
        t1 = w * (Lg2 + w * (Lg4 + w * Lg6));
        t2 = z * (Lg1 + w * (Lg3 + w * (Lg5 + w * Lg7)));
        i |= j;
        R = t2 + t1;
        if (i > 0) {
            hfsq = 0.5 * f * f;
            if (k == 0)
                return f - (hfsq - s * (hfsq + R));
            else
                return dk * ln2_hi - ((hfsq - (s * (hfsq + R) + dk * ln2_lo)) - f);
        } else if (k == 0)
            return f - s * (f - R);
        else
            return dk * ln2_hi - ((s * (f - R) - dk * ln2_lo) - f);
    }
    /**/
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /* @(#)e_exp.c 1.6 04/04/22 */
    /*
     * ====================================================
     * Copyright (C) 2004 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
     *
     * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
     * software is freely granted, provided that this notice 
     * is preserved.
     * ====================================================
     */

    /* __ieee754_exp(x)
     * Returns the exponential of x.
     *
     * Method
     *   1. Argument reduction:
     *      Reduce x to an r so that |r| <= 0.5*ln2 ~ 0.34658.
     *	Given x, find r and integer k such that
     *
     *               x = k*ln2 + r,  |r| <= 0.5*ln2.  
     *
     *      Here r will be represented as r = hi-lo for better 
     *	accuracy.
     *
     *   2. Approximation of exp(r) by a special rational function on
     *	the interval [0,0.34658]:
     *	Write
     *	    R(r**2) = r*(exp(r)+1)/(exp(r)-1) = 2 + r*r/6 - r**4/360 + ...
     *      We use a special Remes algorithm on [0,0.34658] to generate 
     * 	a polynomial of degree 5 to approximate R. The maximum error 
     *	of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2**-59. In
     *	other words,
     *	    R(z) ~ 2.0 + P1*z + P2*z**2 + P3*z**3 + P4*z**4 + P5*z**5
     *  	(where z=r*r, and the values of P1 to P5 are listed below)
     *	and
     *	    |                  5          |     -59
     *	    | 2.0+P1*z+...+P5*z   -  R(z) | <= 2 
     *	    |                             |
     *	The computation of exp(r) thus becomes
     *                             2*r
     *		exp(r) = 1 + -------
     *		              R - r
     *                                 r*R1(r)	
     *		       = 1 + r + ----------- (for better accuracy)
     *		                  2 - R1(r)
     *	where
     *			         2       4             10
     *		R1(r) = r - (P1*r  + P2*r  + ... + P5*r   ).
     *	
     *   3. Scale back to obtain exp(x):
     *	From step 1, we have
     *	   exp(x) = 2^k * exp(r)
     *
     * Special cases:
     *	exp(INF) is INF, exp(NaN) is NaN;
     *	exp(-INF) is 0, and
     *	for finite argument, only exp(0)=1 is exact.
     *
     * Accuracy:
     *	according to an error analysis, the error is always less than
     *	1 ulp (unit in the last place).
     *
     * Misc. info.
     *	For IEEE double 
     *	    if x >  7.09782712893383973096e+02 then exp(x) overflow
     *	    if x < -7.45133219101941108420e+02 then exp(x) underflow
     *
     * Constants:
     * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following 
     * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the 
     * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough
     * to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
     */
    static final double halF[] = {0.5, -0.5,},
            twom1000 = 9.33263618503218878990e-302, // 2**-1000=0x01700000,0
            o_threshold = 7.09782712893383973096e+02, // 0x40862E42, 0xFEFA39EF
            u_threshold = -7.45133219101941108420e+02, // 0xc0874910, 0xD52D3051
            ln2HI[] = {6.93147180369123816490e-01, // 0x3fe62e42, 0xfee00000
        -6.93147180369123816490e-01,},// 0xbfe62e42, 0xfee00000
            ln2LO[] = {1.90821492927058770002e-10, // 0x3dea39ef, 0x35793c76
        -1.90821492927058770002e-10,},// 0xbdea39ef, 0x35793c76
            invln2 = 1.44269504088896338700e+00, // 0x3ff71547, 0x652b82fe
            P1 = 1.66666666666666019037e-01, // 0x3FC55555, 0x5555553E
            P2 = -2.77777777770155933842e-03, // 0xBF66C16C, 0x16BEBD93
            P3 = 6.61375632143793436117e-05, // 0x3F11566A, 0xAF25DE2C
            P4 = -1.65339022054652515390e-06, // 0xBEBBBD41, 0xC5D26BF1
            P5 = 4.13813679705723846039e-08; // 0x3E663769, 0x72BEA4D0

    static double _ieee754_exp(double x) // default IEEE double exp
    {
        double y, hi = 0, lo = 0, c, t;
        int k = 0, xsb;
        int hx; // Unsigned.
        long xBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(x);
        int __HIx = (int) (xBits >> 32);
        int __LOx = (int) xBits;

        hx = __HIx;	// high word of x
        xsb = (hx >> 31) & 1;		// sign bit of x
        hx &= 0x7fffffff;		// high word of |x|

        // filter out non-finite argument
        if (hx >= 0x40862E42) {			// if |x|>=709.78...
            if (hx >= 0x7ff00000)
                if (((hx & 0xfffff) | __LOx) != 0)
                    return x + x; // NaN
                else
                    return (xsb == 0) ? x : 0.0;
            if (x > o_threshold)
                return huge * huge; // overflow
            if (x < u_threshold)
                return twom1000 * twom1000; // underflow
        }

        // argument reduction
        if (hx > 0x3fd62e42) {		// if  |x| > 0.5 ln2 
            if (hx < 0x3FF0A2B2) {	// and |x| < 1.5 ln2
                hi = x - ln2HI[xsb];
                lo = ln2LO[xsb];
                k = 1 - xsb - xsb;
            } else {
                k = (int) (invln2 * x + halF[xsb]);
                t = k;
                hi = x - t * ln2HI[0];	// t*ln2HI is exact here
                lo = t * ln2LO[0];
            }
            x = hi - lo;
        } else if (hx < 0x3e300000) {	// when |x|<2**-28
            if (huge + x > one)
                return one + x;// trigger inexact
        } else
            k = 0;

        // x is now in primary range
        t = x * x;
        c = x - t * (P1 + t * (P2 + t * (P3 + t * (P4 + t * P5))));
        if (k == 0)
            return one - ((x * c) / (c - 2.0) - x);
        else
            y = one - ((lo - (x * c) / (2.0 - c)) - hi);
        long yBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(y);
        int __HIy = (int) (yBits >> 32);
        if (k >= -1021) {
            __HIy += (k << 20);	// add k to y's exponent
            yBits = ((__HIy & 0xFFFFFFFFL) << 32) | (yBits & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
            y = Double.longBitsToDouble(yBits);
            return y;
        } else {
            __HIy += ((k + 1000) << 20);// add k to y's exponent 
            yBits = ((__HIy & 0xFFFFFFFFL) << 32) | (yBits & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
            y = Double.longBitsToDouble(yBits);
            return y * twom1000;
        }
    }
    /**/
}
